In the annals of Australian history, few figures are as enigmatic and influential as Francis Christie, better known by his alias, Frank Gardiner. A man of many names and even more faces, Gardiner's life is a captivating tale of adventure, crime, and survival in the harsh Australian bush. This Webpage, "The Darkie: The Life and Times of Frank Gardiner," aims to unravel the complex tapestry of Gardiner's life, from his humble beginnings in Scotland to his notorious career as a bushranger in Australia.
At the tender age of five, he set foot on the shores of New South Wales, a world away from his birthplace. Little did he know then that he would go on to become a significant figure in Australian history, leaving an indelible mark on the country's cultural landscape.
Gardiner's story is not just the tale of one man; it is a window into a pivotal time in Australian history. The mid-19th century was a period of rapid change and development, with the Gold Rush bringing an influx of immigrants seeking their fortunes. Amid this backdrop of hope and hardship, Gardiner rose to prominence, his exploits capturing the public's imagination and fear.
However, Gardiner was not your typical bushranger. Gardiner was irrepressible, often characterised in the mould of the famous 17th-century highwayman Claude Du Val. He was educated, articulate, handsome, roguish, daring, an excellent horseman, charming and quick-witted. He was known more than once to put a twinkle in a ladies eye.
This Website aims to delve deep into the life and times of Frank Gardiner, drawing on a wealth of first and secondhand accounts, newspaper articles from the period, government documents, private sources, and eyewitness accounts. It seeks to separate fact from fiction, shedding light on the man behind the myth, and exploring the societal and historical factors that shaped his life.
As we journey through Gardiner's life, we will encounter a world of adventure and danger, of love and loss, and of choices and consequences.
"The Darkie: The Life and Times of Frank Gardiner" is more than just a biography; it is a journey into a fascinating period of Australian history, seen through the eyes of one of its most notorious figures. So, let us embark on this journey together, into the life and times of Frank Gardiner, the father of modern Australian bushranging from the cradle to the grave. (All related articles incorporated into the narrative are coloured and transcribed as originally published.)
At the age of five, Francis Christie arrived in New South Wales in 1834. As he reached adulthood, he adopted the pseudonym Frank Gardiner, a name that would go down in history as the father of modern Australian bushranging. Under the alias of Frank Gardiner, he became notorious for his criminal activities, ultimately leading to the downfall of many young colonial boys:
"Amongst the lawless marauders who, during the early eighteen sixties, established a reign of terror in the country districts of New South Wales, says the Melbourne 'Argus' of the 30th of September, Frank Gardiner achieved special distinction. He was the founder, and first leader, of the ruffian syndicate which included Ben Hall, Gilbert, Dunn, Vane, Burke, and John O'Meally as well as other miscreants. Within four years these truculent bandits perpetrated over six hundred crimes, which included daring robberies and cold-blooded murders. Frank Gardiner was Australia's premier bushranger, the most sophisticated of those criminals who plyed their trade in the late 1800s through the use of the revolver pointed at the heart of innocents. During his life, Gardiner would adopt the pseudonyms of both Frank Clarke and Frank Gardiner. The quintessential bushranger encompassed as well the use of theatrics in the form of disguises, chiefly as a man of the cloth.¹
'James' arrival recorded in The Sydney Herald, Nov 1834. |
Among the passengers were Francis' parents, Charles and Jane, along with his older half-brother Charles (born in 1824) and half-sister Robina (born in 1827). Charles's first wife, Jean (Mcleod), had unfortunately passed away. Following them were Francis, a five-year-old child, Archina, who was four years old, and baby Charlotte, who was just 12 months old. All of these children were born to Jane Whittle, who was the widow of Charles Christie's older half-brother James (1787-1822).
James Christie Nassau Bahamas |
However, in 1847, Mary married Henry Griffiths. Following Mary's demise, Henry went on to marry Frank's sister, Archina, in 1864.
Complete Mercantile Guide to the Continent of Europe, 1818 C. W. Rördansz |
The Christie family had a vested interest in the company Robertson and Rigby & Co, an auction house involved in the sea merchant trade at Verdue House or the Bourse in Nassau. However, following James' untimely death, the company dissolved.
Christie offices Nassau. |
Due to the aftermath of the fraudulent actions committed by the shipping agent, James Christie's life took a tragic turn. While delving into the investigation of the agent's misconduct, James met an untimely demise under suspicious circumstances in Colombia. The exact nature of his death remains shrouded in mystery, with the possibility of foul play, even raising the question of whether he was a victim of murder: ibid.
The Royal Gazette and Bahama Advertiser 21st August 1822. |
In the midst of these tumultuous circumstances, it is highly likely that the extended family journeyed back to England via the Azores, where they sought refuge with Jane's parents. Speculation suggests that after some months they departed the Azores, they made their way to London, and from there travelled to Scotland. During their return to England, it was observed that they travelled up to London from Devonshire, potentially passing through a seaport like Exmouth.ibid
Note: While I strive to provide accurate information, it's important to acknowledge that the details provided are based on the given context and may not precisely reflect historical records or events. However with regard to the origins of the Christie Munro arrival in NSW. Many early books such as Pastrol Settlements in Northern Victoria Vol 1 The Coliban District by J.O. Randell are completely without foundation with regard to the Christie Munro intitial relationship. The James manifest of passengers demonstrates Randell's misleading information.
Charles Junior Baptism 1824. Note Father occupation Carpenter. London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1917. |
However, by 1832/3, the family returned to London, and it was during their stay there that Charlotte Deacon Christie was born in 1833. The birth took place at the residence of Frederick and Charlotte Deacon.
The family's generous benefactor was Frederick Deacon, a distinguished Civil Servant residing in London. He had married Charlotte Deacon, formerly known as Charlotte Maule, on November 5, 1823, at St Mary's Church in Leicestershire, England. Recognizing the challenging circumstances of Charles and Jane Christie, the charitable Deacon family extended their assistance.
Charles utilized his diverse range of skills as a "Jack of all Trades" and took on various odd jobs to support the family. Meanwhile, Jane found employment in needlework and maid services, using her talents and abilities to contribute to the household income. The Deacon family's kindness allowed Charles and Jane to find means of livelihood, ensuring that they could sustain their family despite the hardships they faced:ibid
In 1932, Mr. Harry Chambers Kent, a renowned architect from Sydney, shared a fascinating account of his family's association with the Christie family prior to their immigration to Australia. At the time of Frank Gardiner's release from Darlinghurst in 1874, Harry Chambers Kent was twenty-one years old. According to his recollection, Charlotte Deacon Christie, Frank's youngest sister, was named after his paternal grandmother as a gesture of respect.
Harry Chambers Kent's professional achievements were widely recognized, as evidenced by his inclusion in the Who's Who of Australia in 1922. He held a prominent position as a senior partner in the esteemed architectural firm Kent and Massie Architects, located in Sydney. Mr. Kent's account sheds light on the connection between his family and the Christie family, providing a unique perspective on their shared history.
Note: Recent research solidifies the authenticity and significance of the Deacon family's connection to the Christie family. This connection holds immense value in corroborating the established background of the Christie family prior to their immigration to New South Wales. The relationship with the Deacon family provides essential insights into the origins and circumstances of the Christie family, adding further credibility to their documented history before their arrival in NSW. The research strengthens our understanding of the Christie family's roots and enriches our knowledge of their pre-immigration journey.
According to Kent's account, when the Christie family was under the care of his grandparents, there was a proposition put forth that they should embark on a new chapter of their lives in the thriving colony of New South Wales. The colony presented abundant opportunities for those with a spirit of enterprise. It was an era when new horizons beckoned, and the allure of a fresh start and promising prospects in NSW resonated with the Christie family:ibid
Rev. John Dunmore Lang. b. 1799 - d. 1878. Courtesy University of Wollongong. |
Reverend Dr. Lang actively advertised opportunities for men and women to embrace a new life in the promising land of Australia, emphasizing the potential for betterment and advancement in the colony. To support his immigration goals, he approached Lord Goderich, who served as the Secretary of State for the Colonies at the time. Through his efforts, Reverend Dr. Lang obtained grants amounting to £1500 to assist with the cost of passage for immigrants to Australia.
Baptism of Charlotte aged four and Maria aged c.18 months December 1837. NSW BDM |
Henry Munro was a man of wealth and social standing, hailing from a prestigious family and armed with introductory letters. Upon settling in NSW, Munro acquired a property and employed Charles as his overseer. It is believed that Munro's decision to hire Charles may have been influenced by his growing interest in Mrs. Christie, whom he eventually married. As the Christie family embarked on their new life, the challenges they faced were noted in an article published in 'The Sydney Herald' on the 20th of November, 1834;
The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser Saturday 25 July 1835. |
Munro and Christie forged a strong bond as they navigated the challenges of their new life in the unfamiliar territory. Their friendship was further strengthened by the presence of Jane Christie, who was known for her remarkable beauty. Shortly after their arrival, Henry took the initiative to apply for land leases in New South Wales under the EMIGRANTS NEWLY ARRIVED program. His first successful application was for a plot of 960 acres located at Kurradu Bidgee, situated along the banks of the scenic Shoalhaven River:
Boro Creek 1836 cancelled Register of Leases NSW. |
During their time in New South Wales, Francis's mother, Jane Christie, gave birth to another child, Maria Agnes, fifteen months after their arrival in 1836. This marked a significant addition to their growing family as they continued to establish their presence in the colony.
Successful lease Boro Creek Register of Leases NSW. |
Furthermore, there is evidence indicating the presence of the Christie family in Goulburn before their eventual relocation to Victoria. In December 1837, Charlotte, who was four years old at the time, was christened in Goulburn. Maria was also baptized during the same ceremony. This information is supported by the existing certificate documenting the event, shedding light on the family's presence and activities during their time in Goulburn.
Munro & Christie. c. 1838. |
Henry Munro Letter Aboriginal Attacks Port Phillip Gazette 1839 |
Upon crossing the Hume River, the settlers continued their progress towards the Broken River, located near the present-day site of Benalla. As they reached their destination and began constructing their homesteads, Munro and his fellow squatters discovered that the local Aboriginal tribe in the Campasne area displayed a more aggressive nature compared to those encountered earlier in their journey. This shift in demeanor heightened the settlers' sense of unease and caused many colonists to feel nervous and fearful in the presence of these more assertive Aboriginal groups.
At first the blacks were very shy, but when they found that sheep were good to eat they began to be very troublesome, and a constant watch had to be kept on them. They were continually spearing sheep for the sake of the inside fat, and had wounded three shepherds at different times. Therefore the workers when without supervision like savages as they were, were in the habit of shooting down the blacks on sight; they did not confine themselves to men, but destroyed the lubras and piccaninnies as well. So troublesome that at an out-station or sheep camp one day the station owner was very much surprised to find the shepherd and watchman both lying dead, having been speared and clubbed to death by the blacks, and the sheep (1,200 young wethers) gone. There were a lot of sheep lying about dead, cut open, and the fat taken and the carcass left intact. (Memoir of John Coppock, Barfold)
However, amidst the excitement of their new life, Francis also witnessed the presence of the Aboriginal marauders and the alarming attacks on the shepherds, including his own father and Henry Munro. These encounters exposed Francis to the harsh realities of life on the frontier, where conflicts with the Indigenous population were a constant threat. These experiences would shape Francis's perception of the world and perhaps contribute to the path he would eventually take in his tumultuous journey.
Charles Christie's letter referencing his sly-grog business. Port Phillip Gazette 25th April 1840. |
The incident involving the sly grog shop marked a pivotal moment in young Francis Christie's upbringing. At the age of nine, he would have been impressionable and likely witnessed the consequences of his father's illicit activities. This encounter with the darker side of life and the lure of dubious money may have left an indelible impression on Francis, shaping his perspective and potentially influencing his future path. The desire for easy money without the effort.
The severity of the fine indicates that the operation of the sly grog shop was not an isolated or haphazard affair. It suggests a well-organized enterprise, as the imposed penalty amounted to a significant sum, equivalent to an average wage covering several years' worth of income. Sly grog establishments were prevalent in many rural towns and certain farms, earning them a notorious reputation. (Average wage per year for a farmhand ranged between 20 pounds for a hut-keeper to 30 pounds for a plowman. Shepherds 25 pounds per year.)
While Henry Munro may have been unaware or turned a blind eye to the concerns surrounding the operation, Charles Christie bore personally the full cost of the penalty. There were likely individuals in the community who reported Charles to the police, leading to his arrest and subsequent fine. It may also be that Charles Christie's long running dispute with one of the Protectors of Aboriginals, an officious bureaucrat named E Parker may have seen to the arrest out of spite.(See letter right.)
Cuthbert Fetherstonhaugh. 1837-1925. Courtesy NLA. |
'James' |
In addition, Francis' half-brother Charles also found employment under the guidance of Henry Munro, holding various overseer positions before eventually settling in the Gippsland region in the mid-1850s. Charles entered into marriage with Elizabeth (Betsy) Hendrick on April 11th, 1849, at St James Church in Melbourne, and the couple went on to have a total of ten children. Charles's deep connection with his younger brother Francis is evident in the choice of names for his own children, including the naming of one son as Francis Christie, born in 1870. It is likely that Charles maintained some form of contact with his adventurous and mischievous brother over the years. Charles passed away in Bairnsdale in 1884, and his occupation as noted was that of a fisherman.
Regarding Charles Christie, Frank Gardiner's father, there is limited information available about his life. In the Sydney Morning Herald Family Notices of February 1864, it was recorded that Charles Christie passed away on the 16th of February. He passed away at his daughter Archina's residence in Pitt Street, Sydney, after a prolonged and agonizing illness. Possibly cancer:
One notable incident occurred when Charles Christie and Henry Munro were recovering their stock from a raiding party. They were ambushed by aboriginals, and Henry Munro was speared during the attack. This incident led to a retaliatory response from the settlers, who launched counterattacks against the aboriginal groups. Details of these events were reported in the 'Port Phillip Patriot and Melbourne Advertiser' on Monday, 22nd July 1839.
Letter was written by Charles Christie in April 1840, while employed by Henry Munro. |
However, evidence suggests that 'when uncontrolled by parental influence,' it was far from the truth and may have purely been a refusal to adhere to Munro's discipline, or had the days as a boy observing his father's sly grog shop and shady customers and easy money formed the man?
At the station, Henry Munro managed a substantial operation, overseeing a flock of 15,000 sheep and a herd of 60 cattle. The station also boasted a notable vineyard, producing wine for export to Europe, solidifying Munro's position as a prominent and prosperous landowner in the region. These details were reported in The Melbourne Daily News on Tuesday, February 13th, 1849:
Charles Christie Jnr, Baptism. 1824. Note, Father Charles. Note, Mother Jane. This is no doubt, Jane/Jean McLeod. Charles' Profession; Carpenter. |
The arrival of the Christie Family, 1834. |
Upon discovering the brazen horse theft, Mr Morton, the owner of the stolen animals, was filled with rage and determined to track down the perpetrators. He gathered a small search party consisting of his employee, the skilled bushman and tracker William Mercer, and an elderly man named Williams, whose own horse was among the stolen ones. Despite Williams' age, Morton allowed him to join the search on the condition that he kept up with the rest of the group. They prepared to depart, their resolve unwavering, as they set out on the trail of the stolen horses.
At Salisbury Plains, Victoria: William Lockhart Morton. Name of run—Plains of Thalia, Estimated area—57,600 acres, Estimated grazing capabilities—4,000 sheep.
As they left 'Plains of Thalia Station' and followed the tracks, Morton and his men relentlessly pursued the fleeing thieves. They pressed on, passing by Mount Sturgeon station and eventually finding respite at the Mount Sturgeon hotel. It was at this point in their pursuit that they decided to take a moment to rest and regroup before continuing their chase. Morton later revealed; 'Geelong Advertiser' 23rd October 1850;
Upon their arrival at the Mount Sturgeon Inn, owned by Andrew Templeton, Morton engaged in a conversation with him about the recent local races. To Morton's surprise, Templeton revealed that the suspected robbers had participated in the races, competing against horses entered by the police. Astonishingly, the thieves had emerged victorious and claimed the prize money without arousing suspicion.
During Morton's stay at the inn, Templeton drew his attention to a letter that one of the gang members, Christie, had left in his care. Recognizing its potential importance, Morton quickly seized the letter, realizing that it could provide valuable information about the whereabouts and plans of the thieves, 'Geelong Advertiser' 23rd October 1850;
Lake Mingo, Murray River, May 1850.
J.C., Esq., auctioneer, Portland.
"Sir,—I have no doubt you will feel surprised at being addressed by a stranger, but as it is on business, you will excuse the liberty taken. I have sent my superintendent, Mr William Troy, to Portland with 33 head of horses, which I consider a fair sample for any market. The same I wish you to dispose of by the hammer to the highest bidder. Should the price realised please me, I will send you over another draft in the course of a month. Mr William Troy is authorised to receive the proceeds, and his receipt will be a sufficient acknowledgement. Please to give him only such money as is current in Portland.
I remain sir,
your obedient servant,
ANDREW TAYLOR.³
Crawford Station For Sale. 'The Argus' 4th February 1851. Courtesy N.L.A. |
Francis was nicked. Captured the prospect of hard time in chains lay at Christie's feet. Whereby a plan amongst Christie, Stewart and Newton was enacted to flee the Geelong Goal. However, only accomplice Stewart succeeded, and he was never heard of again. Christie and Newton's attempt was unsuccessful:
Caught!
The Stockade, Pentridge, Melbourne. c. 1849. The First Established Receptacle for Criminals. Artist unknown. |
Dr W.C. Haines, Foreman of the Jury for Christie. Later 1st Premier of Victoria. 1855-1857. |
His Honor summed up -"The horses were found in possession of the prisoners if they could not account for possession, it amounted to almost a conclusive evidence of guilt. But there was a difference between possession and custody that must be judged of. There appeared there had been a difference between the positions occupied by the prisoners, but the evidence that they were acting as servants would be collusive. Newton pleaded that he was a servant to Stewart; if a servant, he would be guilty, if he were cognizant that the horses had been taken possession of illegally. The other prisoner seemed to have taken a similar share in the transaction. He should leave to the jury to reconcile the fact of possession, with the supposition of their innocence." Verdict against both prisoners-sentenced to five years hard labour on the roads.
Wednesday 23rd October 1850
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/91919180?searchTerm=%22Christie%22Portland&searchLimits=l-state=Victoria|||sortby=dateAsc|||l-category=Article
Illustration of Christie's escape from Pentridge, Coburg, Victoria, 1851. by Percy Lindsay c.1935 |
Following a daring escape from Pentridge Prison, eleven prisoners managed to break free. However, their taste of freedom was short-lived as all but five of them were recaptured within a few days. Among the escapees was Francis Christie, who embarked on a journey northward alongside another fugitive named Charles Herring. Herring, was from the Bendigo district, had arrived in Hobart, Tasmania as a convict aboard the ship Egyptian in 1839, having been sentenced to seven years. After his release in 1847, Herring made his way to Victoria, where he found himself convicted of assault in 1850.
Note: Charles Herring escapee from Pentridge with Christie in 1851 was gazetted in Victoria. In 1862 Herring was sort for stealing at Canowindra. The description in both the Victorian and NSW gazettes match. Through age, height, marks and moles. Herring obfuscated, as was widely practiced, his origins. As with Frank Gardiner. Herring was involved in robbery with John Peisley. Herring would in 1863 while in custody be seconded to the mounted police due to his bragging the he was a close friend of Gardiner. It was short lived as Herring under the alias of Zahn was dismissed after stealing from Capt Baytte.
Shortly after their escape from Pentridge, Francis Christie and Charles Herring were spotted near the Government camp at a newly discovered goldfield on Bandicoot Creek, known as Bendigo, by local settlers. Some of the settlers possibly recognised Christie, recalling his family and residence with Munro. As for Herring, he would later adopt the aliases of Charles Zahn and Burgess, becoming the subject of recruitment by the NSW police in connection with the notorious bushranger Ben Hall, twelve years after their escape.
During the early 1850s, the countryside in regional New South Wales consisted of remote and sparsely settled hamlets, often comprising only a handful of huts, shanties, or trade stores. The presence of law enforcement was limited, creating an environment ripe for easy acquisition of high-quality horses. John Newton, Christie's accomplice in the Morton adventure, decided to part ways with Christie after their escape. Unfortunately, Newton did not experience the same success as Christie and was recaptured, subsequently being returned to Pentridge. Newton made another escape during another outbreak of prisoners, and his fate remains unknown.
Arriving in New South Wales, Francis found himself in the familiar Goulburn district, a place he had last lived as a child back in 1837. Crossing the Murray River had put a considerable distance between him and the Victorian authorities, but his actions soon escalated the severity of his crimes. By firing with the intent to shoot a prison guard, who happened to be an Aboriginal person, Francis had committed a grave offence that could be punishable by hanging.
In order to evade capture, Francis adopted new aliases, going by the names Clarke and Gardiner. Initially, he found employment in the stock work around the Abercrombie and Goulburn areas, seemingly leading an uneventful life. However, old habits die hard, and Francis eventually returned to his former trade of horse stealing. Reflecting on his descent into a life of crime, Francis, known as "The Darkie," would later comment on his involvement in horse theft and other illicit activities as he resumed his criminal endeavours:
From want of suitable, employment. Young men can find no employment in the country districts except herding sheep or stock-riding. The latter occupation leads to horse-stealing simply because you become wholly engrossed in horseflesh, and the crime is so easily committed that you do not think of the consequences. Horse-stealing and horse "sojering" are of everyday occurrence in certain parts of the country.⁸
However, Christie's first foray into theft in NSW did not go well, when in the company of a youth named Prior he attempted to pull the same stunt as at Portland.
William Fogg, Parole 1840. |
The Sydney Morning Herald Thursday 13th April 1865. |
As for Francis' father, it appears that he returned to Victoria in 1854, as indicated by Fetherstonhaugh. His other children, who demonstrated great care for their father, resided in Sydney before his eventual death in 1864. He lived with Archina Griffiths and Charlotte Ion at 283 Pitt Street, where he was described as a gentleman farmer. The Griffiths were involved in the fruit business, and it is possible that Francis may have spent some of the missing years in the company of his father, further adding to the complexity of his origins and his efforts to conceal his true identity.
Early woodcut of Frank Gardiner, The Bushranger. c. 1861. |
Fogg's reputation was marred by his involvement in various forms of theft and criminal activities across southern NSW, particularly in areas such as Abercrombie, Wheeo, and Bungendore. He developed a close association with the notorious bushranger John Peisley during the 1850s, further cementing his involvement in unlawful pursuits. Fogg constantly found himself under police scrutiny, yet managed to evade conviction on multiple occasions.
One such instance was an alleged incident in 1845, where he was accused of stealing brandy. Despite the accusations and the watchful eyes of the authorities, Fogg managed to escape the consequences of his actions. His knack for eluding conviction added to his reputation as a cunning and elusive character within the criminal underworld.
Despite Fogg's propensity for illegal activities, he and Christie formed a deep bond based on their shared inclinations and experiences as ex-convicts. Their friendship endured throughout the years, with both men finding solace and companionship in their unconventional lifestyles:
It is worth noting that Fogg's legal encounters and those within his criminal circle were delt with by Solicitor Mr. Holroyd, who also served as a Member of Parliament for the Bathurst constituency. In 1881, Holroyd ascended to the position of Justice of the Supreme Court.
This information sheds light on the interconnections between Christie, Peisley, and Fogg, suggesting a network of individuals involved in illicit activities, with legal professionals occasionally intertwined within their affairs.
John Peisley Ticket of Leave 1857. |
Certificate of Licence, Henry Prior, Goulburn 1853. New South Wales, Australia, Certificates for Publicans' Licenses, 1830-1849, 1853-1899 |
Consequently, Chief Constable Robert McJannett armed with the evidence arrested Francis Christie, who had dropped the Christie for Francis Clarke, and his accomplice Edward Prior. When arrested Christie was found to have had £5 5s upon him and Prior £25; 'The Sydney Morning Herald', Tuesday 21st March 1854 reported:
Robert McJannett. New South Wales, Australia, Returns of the Colony, 1854. |
Hart's Royal Hotel, c. 1849. Courtesy Yass & District Historical Society. |
Saturday 18th March 1854
John Pagett New South Wales, Australia, Registers of Police Employment, 1847-1885 for John Pagett |
In the first year of his time at Cockatoo, he was recorded twice for bad conduct. On the first offence, Clarke was placed for three days in the cells. The second attempt was regarding an escape attempt with another. Both were discovered loitering in the lumber yard secreted for a few days;
Although facing a long period of incarceration Clarke apparently keep much to himself and was noted as polite and respected;
Furthermore, Clarke was gifted with artistic talent (see bottom of this page), demonstrated when in 1865 he inscribed through exquisite calligraphy a Bible to his future lover Kitty Brown currently displayed at Young, NSW. He was also noted as talented in other areas, namely Bone Carving. He was also excellent at Arithmetic;
Attempted Escape.
Escape from Cockatoo Island was fraught with unseen dangers, such as strong currents, rocky shoreline littered with cutting oyster shells, sharks, and other hazardous obstacles. These, however, did not deter men hell-bent on taking the plunge for freedom. There were many attempts. There were many failures. Francis Clarke would also have a go. Twice, in fact.
On another occasion, Gardiner tried to escape from the island by secreting himself during working hours. He supplied himself with a stock of provisions sufficient to last him for a week. Although a diligent search was made, he could not be found; every conceivable place where it was considered possible for him to hide was searched, but there was no trace of him for four days. It subsequently transpired that during the day-time, he hid down a deep well in the Superintendent's garden, and at night he used to come out of his hiding place. This well had not been used for some time and had a few feet of water in it. It was in the wintertime, and he used to have to pinch his flesh to make the blood circulate. He ran a great risk of being shot, for everyone who was out after dusk during such events as attempted escapes had to know the countersign, or else they would be arrested or shot at. On the night of Gardiner's capture, he had found his way into the "lumber yards" and was arming himself with some implements out of the blacksmith's shop to attack anyone who should dispute his passage to the water. Being disturbed by the approach of someone he quickly got underneath a blacksmith's bellows, and for a while defied the efforts of his pursuers, but was eventually captured.
Cockatoo Island Prison. c. 1860. Courtesy N.L.A. |
However, after five years and two unsuccessful escapes at Cockatoo Island, Christie determined there must be a better way than working the chisel and faking illness. Subsequently set about applying for his freedom while still having some ten years to run on his original sentence of fourteen years. Fortunately for Clarke, his confidence and self-assurance and gift of the gab enabled him to sweet-talk his way to an early release.
Furthermore, whether or not his family connections influenced the powers that be anonymously is more than possible. Although convicted under the name of Clarke there no doubt existed correspondence between him and his family. In the future when he was eventually thrown out of Australia his three sisters had been instrumental in pursuing his release following ten years of a thirty-two-year sentence of imprisonment.
Note: Frank's 1874 release was primarily achieved through his three devoted sisters.
Francis Clark (Christie) Ticket-of Leave, December 1859. NSW Reports of Crime. |
Cancellation and warrant for Ticket of Leave. Note: There is no mention of the two tattoos present on Gardiner's 1874 release. NSW Police Gazette. |
Francis Clarke and Edward Prior entry Cockatoo Island 1854, note Gardiner as stout. |
Arrested and escaped whilst at Burrangong diggings. 3rd May 1861. NSW Police Gazette. |
Francis Clarke, Ticket of Leave. 1859 Never before published. |
Frank no doubt charmed those officials who granted his ticket-of-leave even after his reported bad conduct at Cockatoo Island. The authorities, hadn't realised that his spokespersons were mere dupes, and were hoodwinked into release, where no doubt, the hand of Fogg lay across the subterfuge as he called in all his owed favours from his suspicious associates. The thoroughness of his champions petition had even the Inspector of Police J McLerie approved his release:
A copy of those who facilitated Clarke/Gariners release:
ISAAC SHEPHERD, J.P., Wheeo
JOHN REED, grazier, / Prosocutor
EDWARD BARKER, grazier, / Prosocutor
FRANCIS HARRIS, grazier.
WILLIAM FOGG, grazier.
WILLIAM ATKINS, grazier
CHARLES AUGUSTUS HOWARD, grazier.
RICHARD TAYLOR, grazier
HENRY NEWMAN, grazier.
Note: Richard Taylor is Foggs brother in law and the man who took Kitty Brown to New Zealand, where Kitty ultimately took her own life. Taylor was recorded as abusive toward Kitty.
Sir John Young 12th Governor of New South Wales 1861–1867. |
Isaac Shepard, Jun, J.P. 1833-1913. Private Source. |
Following Sheedy's discovery of gold, an article appeared in the newspaper outlaying the reward presented to Sheedy for his lucrative find which dwarfed Hargraves 1851 goldfield at Ophir NSW; 'Sydney Morning Herald';
Consequently, the ramshackle town of Lambing Flat was created, and Fogg and Gardiner were conducting a roaring business. Lambing Flat was described in an extract from the 'Goulburn Herald', 1860:
Butchers Shop.
Lambing Flat. c. 1862. Courtesy, Young Historical Society. |
Goldfield butchers shop. c. 1861. |
John Gilbert. |
Mrs Betsy Toms c. 1920. Courtesy NLA |
Consequently, obtaining cattle on the cross (theft) inevitably brought Fogg and Gardiner's activities under the purview of the police led by Captain Battye. Scrutiny of their dubious stock raised all sorts of suspicions. Stoking the ire of the dogged police Captain who was adamant that cattle stealing would be checked and continuously raided the butchers operating their suspicious trade. As such, it was not long before police gained helpful information supporting their suspicions of the nefarious activities of Fogg and Gardiner. In April 1861 Christie/Clarke/Jones/Gardiner was arrested by a trooper at Spring Creek and charged with, of all things, horse stealing;
However, identity confusion reigned and in May 1861, the police held Christie in custody at Burrangong, where he convinced them he was not the man they were looking for and was granted bail. For a Scotsman, Christie had the luck of the Irish. He quickly fled Lambing Flat for Fogg's Fish River farm 100 miles away. The "Burrangong Miner's" news columns contain the following:
Sgt John Middleton wearing his Silver Bravery Medal awarded for Gardiner's capture. Middleton was dismissed from the police, but was subsequently reinstated. Coloured by me. |
Having returned to Fogg's farm, information was relayed to Carcoar magistrate Mr Beardmore of Gardiner's presence in the Lachlan River area and intelligence linking Gardiner to a spate of armed robberies in the company of bushranger John Peisley. Beardmore instructed the local police to re-arrest Christie/Clarke as per the outstanding warrant.
On the 16th of July 1861, two officers were dispatched. Constables Hosie and Sgt Middleton set off. The two troopers were very active in the Carcoar police district, which went as far as Trunkey. Trunkey was also a gold-based settlement, and as such, it had its fair share of bushranging in which John Peisley was the main culprit operating a gang of misfits. Gardiner, having fled Lambing Flat, may well have been involved in the area. However, diligent in their efforts Middleton and Hosie was successful in apprehending bushrangers, earning the respect of the locals; 'Goulburn Herald' Wednesday 6th March 1861;
Mining matters have passed the Rubicon of either good or bad, the exodus of the digger, and their families, to the Lambing Flat, having depopulated this locality, and left the golden treasures of Tuena to continue undisturbed.
The district around is, I am sorry to say, in a state of more insecurity, than at any previous period for some time past, bare-faced robberies and sticking up, seem to be the rule and not the exception. Our police force consists at present, of one serjeant, and one trooper, who have quite enough to do to keep matters right among the settlers, by protecting, or rather I should say, hunting after the villains, who have lately been levying black mail at Trunkey, or the Abercrombie, and the surrounding neighbourhood. The notorious Peisley has it appears, in concert with other villains been robbing right and left, and on Friday morning early, or rather, between Thursday night and Friday morning, our indefatigable sergeant Middleton, with trooper Hosie, brought in two men with whom they previously had some acquaintance; having some days since accidentally fallen in with them, and passed them by as honest men, but subsequently finding they were deceived, again tracked them, but only found their horses and swags, which they conveyed to Carcoar, and upon investigation the proceeds of a small robbery belonging to a travelling jeweller appeared among the contents.
Ever on the alert, Middleton has at last secured these two worthies, and has started with them for Carcoar. It would be premature to say more just now, but there can be no doubt but they are connected with recent robberies. Stapleton, a publican at Trunkey was robbed of a large sum of money; the like misfortune happened some Chinese on the Abercrombie; Gunning Flat has had the compliment paid and probably time will reveal a few more localities. When Middleton seized the men referred to, they were armed to the teeth, and too much credit cannot be given to him and Hosie for the zeal and promptness with which they do and are ever ready to discharge their duties. It is to be lamented that we have no unpaid J.P. anywhere near us, our P.M. lives 30 miles away, and visits us but once a month.
It is to be hoped that so extensive a district as that of the Abercrombie will not be left so unprotected as at present, but that the hands of sergeant Middleton will be strengthened to enable him to extend his protection to the settlers, and to spare some of his force to unkennel the villains who lurk about this district. - Tuena, March 1861.
William Fogg. 1813-1899. |
Caught unaware, Mrs Fogg stood outside the dwelling as the two policemen draped in heavy coats and wearing cabbage tree hats came through the slip-rails heading for the house. Mary Fogg realising they were police, instantly yelled out an alarm. Her ardent cry alerted Gardiner inside the hut. The police, dismounting, approached the front door where a figure, Gardiner dressed in a dark coat and striped trousers, moved to a back room screened by a hanging piece of calico. Middleton first entered the house, pushing Mrs Fogg to one side, asking her "who had gone in there," Mrs Fogg said, "a man." Middleton crossed the floor toward the screen as Hosie covered the back of the home. Gardiner called out, threatening Middleton to not come near, adding that he would shoot the first person that came in. Middleton, fearless, approached the screen and, on lifting it, was met with a gunshot. Instantly Middleton returned fire. A quick succession of revolver shots was exchanged, and some of Gardiner's bullets struck Middleton, one in the mouth/neck, the other in the left hand. Middleton's shots missed their mark, and he bleeding profusely, withdrew. Hosie hearing his comrade's shots, strode up to the front door and went inside. Gardiner again fired a shot which struck Hosie in the head, whereby he instantly collapsed, believed dead.
As Middleton had entered the home, a panicked Mary Fogg following gathered up two of her children and fled the house. At the same time, a man named James Barney, living at Fogg's, grabbed the third child retreating outside into the yard as the melee took place.
However, Gardiner rushed full steam and out of ammunition uninjured lunged at the wounded and dazed Middleton as Hosie lay unconscious. Middleton was, however, no slouch. Severely bleeding, Middleton took the charging Gardiner's weight upon himself and armed only with his silver-topped riding whip, they struggled into the yard. Brutal hand-to-hand combat and a fight to the death erupted. Middleton bludgeoned Gardiner into submission with the solid whip handle. Hosie's non-compos mentis arose and staggered to Middleton's aid. Gardiner had the cuffs applied and in a semi-conscious state Fogg begged him to desist from the struggle. The two injured troopers affected their man's capture.
Their wounds were reported, with Middleton shot through the lower lip, knocking out three of his front teeth, the bullets passing through the root of his tongue. It adjudged that he swallowed the lead ball after seeing a doctor and could not be found. Middleton was also shot through the wrist, besides three other bullet wounds. Hosie was hit in the temple, but the bullet glanced off without serious injury other than severe delirium and concussion.
Fogg's Hut. This is not the original home but built over the old Hut site c. 1867. Photo c. 1920s |
Reward Notice 1861. NSW Police Gazette. |
I had been there about two months before, and had a conversation with them; they knew me, and who I was; they knew me because I was in police uniform, and another trooper named Wilson, also in uniform, was with me; I saw both Fogg and Mrs. Fogg; I had never seen them before; Wilson is now, I believe, in Darlinghurst gaol; the house is in a paddock enclosed in a three-railed fence, and is between two and three hundred yards from the slips rails; Middleton and myself had our police uniform and leggings and ponchos on; the ponchos reached to about the knees, and were not part of the uniform. Mine was of a dark colour; we went to look for Gardiner. I dismounted and took down the slip rails, and Middleton rode on whilst I led my horse through the rails; Middleton reached the house first, and I was fifty or sixty yards behind; I saw Mrs. Fogg fall back like as if she was alarmed when she saw Middleton dismount and go to the house; she held up her hands as if in fright as Middelton was entering the house; I was about twenty yards behind, and almost immediately on Middelton entering I heard two shots fired, almost in succession, one after the other; immediately afterwards Middleton rushed back to the door and told me to go round to the back of the house; he was wounded and covered with blood.¹⁴ (Also see Link above.)
Dramatisation of Gardiner and Hosie encounter at Fogg's. Dan Russell, 1952. Courtesy NLA |
However, Hosie's death as reported was premature, and in August 1861, the round that stuck Hosie was reported as extracted and his survival a miracle. 'The Courier' Wednesday 11th September 1861:
Following the 'Battle of Foggs Farm', Fogg was arrested for harbouring and bailed on £100 to appear a month later:
Far from dying and the brawl at Fogg's over. Gardiner fled to the Weddin Mountains. However, while serving time at Cockatoo Island, Gardiner/Clarke was reacquainted with one John Peisley. John Peisley hailed from the O'Connell Plains near Bathurst, born in 1834. Peisley and his family were well known to the police and faced court at various stages but inevitably escaped conviction. However, his father was sent down over a bull theft from prominent landowner Mr Icely of Coombing Park. Sentenced to seven years at Cockatoo, Peisley's father reputedly died in prison before completing his sentence. The Peisley home was home to a 'den of thieves.' In February 1852, Peisley was arrested for stealing two horses from Mr Patrick Kurley. However, two years would pass before Peisley fronted the court. After all the evidence, the jury retired and returned a guilty verdict shortly after. Peisley was sentenced to five years at Cockatoo Island.
John Peisley, Ticket-of-Leave, 1857. New South Wales, Australia, Tickets of Leave, 1810-1869. Never before published. |
Sir, —You will no doubt be surprised to receive a note from the (now by all account) noted Piesley; but, sir, through your valuable paper I must make it known that, if it be my lot to be taken, whether dead or alive, I will never be tried for the rescue of Gardiner, in the light in which it is represented; nor did I ever fire at Trooper Hosie. And such I wish to be known, that it is in my power to prove what I here assert, and that beyond a doubt. I am no doubt a desperado in the eyes of the law, but never, in no instance, did I ever use violence, nor did I ever use rudeness to any of the fair sex, and I must certainly be the Invisible Prince to commit one-tenth of what is laid to my charge. And, sir, I beg to state that it is through persons in high positions that I now make this assertion, and I trust I may never have to allude to it again. I love my native hills, I love freedom and detest cruelty to man or beast. Trusting you will publish this, my bold letter no doubt, but you can be assured it comes from the real John Piesley and not any of his many representatives.
I am, Mr. Editor,
Note for Execution of John Peisley. New South Wales, Australia, Sheriff's Papers 1829-1879. |
Execution of the Condemned Criminals
4th June 1862 |
POLICE OFFICE.
Middleton reduction in rank following reinstatement 1st September 1863. NSW Police Gazette. |
John Middleton, relaxing in his yard. c. 1890. The reverse of this photo states. John Middleton, who had a hand to hand "fight" with Gardiner the bushranger. Private Source. Never before published. |
They succeeded, in about two hours, in getting notes and a cheque, which, together with the money before in their possession, made up a total sum of fifty pounds ten shillings. This was all given to Hosie; for, having no silver, they could not deduct the surplus. It was insisted by Hosie, before agreeing to this arrangement, that, in order to save his character, the form of rescue should be gone through. With this view, the old man Barney was sent off with a gun to a part of the road where Hosie and Gardiner were to pass, and when they came up, he was to personate Peisley and rescue Gardiner. To carry out this plan, and to make Hosie keep to his bargain, Fogg accompanied them until Barney rushed out of the scrub and rescued Gardiner as agreed upon. That a rescue did take place is true, but it is also true that it was only a sham. These facts were communicated to the Government very shortly after they occurred, and the circumstance that the cheque which passed into Hosie's possession would afford, if traced, a strong confirmation of the truth of the statement was pointed out, it was, however, thought that the affair, if made public, would be so disgraceful to the police, that the Government decided in dismissing Hosie from the force without endeavouring to bring him to justice.¹⁷
Justice, Edward Wise (1818-1865) Courtesy NSW State Parliament. |
'The Darky' was a true celebrity whose very name touched every citizen of NSW. A man whose exploits were romanticised, full of adventure, daring and bravery regardless of the poor victims who suffered under his revolver. Furthermore, the scenes generated in and outside the filled court and through the general public brought much displeasure and disgust to the presiding Judge, Mr Justice Wise;
The instant this announcement was made 'hurrahs' burst simultaneously from all parts of the throng. Notwithstanding the demands of his Honour for silence and the efforts of the police, this cheering, shouting, whistling, stomping of feet, and clapping of hands continued for some seconds. Order was not restored until his Honour summoned a boy before him whom he had seen clapping his hands. The boy was remanded to Darlinghurst Gaol, but afterwards, in consideration of his extreme youth and the intercession of counsel, he was discharged with a reprimand. Additional police having been placed at the entrances behind the crowd, his Honour requested the constables to bring before him any persons whom they had seen take part in the disturbance, but none were forthcoming, owing probably to the difficulty of singling out individuals from so large a number, all of whom appeared to join in the tumult.
His Honour with great warmth remarked that it was astonishing that there should be such an utter want of common decency among such a number of people in New South Wales; it was a disgrace, an utter disgrace to the colony. He also thought that the police were censurable. The prisoner, who it is understood will be arraigned on another indictment, was remanded to gaol.¹⁸
Mary Fogg. 1826-1907. |
Kitty married John Brown when aged 16 at the same the church as Bridget and Ben Hall at Bathurst in September 1859. Catherine signed her name. Courtesy Private source. |
Though the face presented to the road does not though steep, present any very particularly formidable barriers to the pursuit, then are other parts of the range that are exceedingly rocky and precipitous, being, moreover; covered by a dense undergrowth or scrub, rendering pursuit unless by tracking, an almost hopeless task. It was upon this account that Gardiner made it his head-quarters, and until the police made up their minds to stick, persistently to his tracks, he found it a very comfortable position to take up. His friends, if such men have friends, were all round him, and he could go from the house of one to that of the other, as circumstances might suit, or it compelled to lie concealed, could always draw his supplies from them. By rooting out the confederates of the bushrangers, this position is no longer a tenable one for them, as their supplies are cut off. This fact, coupled with the knowledge that the police have obtained of the locality, may account for the wide berths that Gilbert and Co. have given to the favourite haunt of their predecessor.
The friendship between Maguire, Hall and Gardiner evolved through Gardiner's Lambing Flat butcher's shop. John Maguire and Ben Hall were then commencing a new venture. A cattle station called Sandy Creek, sixty miles distant. The two men also drew cattle from the adjacent Wheogo Station. Through Hall and Maguire, Gardiner fell for the beautiful Catherine Brown. A vivacious blonde, 5ft 3in tall. Wheogo Station was owned by Sarah Walsh nee Hurpur nee Chidley the stepmother of the men's wives Elen Maguire and Bridget Hall, following the women's father's death in 1858.
Bridget Hall c. 1860 Penzig Collection |
CORRESPONDENCE
NSW Police Gazette Reports of Crime 20th May 1861. |
Sir Frederick Pottinger.
Moreover, throughout the detailed map. The police furnished insight and opinion regarding the character of those considered criminal or just plain reprehensible who were known protectors of 'The Darky'. However, two names on the highly confidential map are surprisingly the young wife of Ben Hall and her sister Mrs Catherine Brown. Both noted as 'bad', and at one farm on the map it states; "Harbourer, Yorkshire Jack, good man bad women, the retreat of Mrs Hall and Brown." (See map bottom of page)
Gardiner was known to attend Yorkshire Jack's as it doubled as a well-known sly-grog shop. The police map provides a clear insight into the close ties both married 'wild Weddin girls' Catherine and Bridget had with many of the shady characters earmarked by the police. However, one of Gardiner's mates would destroy Ben Hall's marriage and drive the mild-mannered squatter into a dissolute life that would end in a barrage of bullets four years later.
Flamboyant Claude Du Val. by William Powell Firth (1819-1909) |
The police in constant search and on alert were always one step behind the Darky as he covered the districts with ease. Gardiner was irrepressible. The newspapers often characterised him in the mould of the famous and cavalier 17th-century French-born English highwayman Claude Du Val (b.1643-d.1670) or another 18th century famous English highwayman Dick Turpin (1706-1739);
The Australian Dick Turpin. Gardiner's Flight. Courtesy, State Library of Victoria. |
Furthermore, when confronted with an infringement that would put a mark against him in the eyes of those settlers, Gardiner would quickly rectify the situation;
Therefore, even those stripped of all their valuables and cash were never left without a silver shilling for the road, a coin Gardiner never accepted. All these actions enhanced Gardiner's image and prestige;
However, Gardiner did not discriminate with former friends either, with cases recorded of his robbing both those close and former acquaintances from Lambing Flat was a common practice. Robberies conducted without any malice or vindictiveness, after all, it was just business;
Gardiner, having fully recovered from the gunfight and struggle at Fogg's farm and in the throes of a sizzling love affair with the beautiful blonde haired Catherine in full bloom. All roads and tracks surrounding the Goldfields at Forbes, Lambing Flat and the Weddin/Pinnacle Mountains were now under Gardiner's domain as he leapt into bushranging.
Kitty reputedly in action with Gardiner. c. 1862 |
John 'Warrigal' Walsh in company with Frank Gardiner December 1861. NSW Police Gazette, 1862. |
An old-timer who reputedly knew 'The Warrigal' in their youth recounted in a look back in the 'Freeman's Journal', 10th November 1906;
Sadly, the Warrigal's relationship with Gardiner would cost him his life at age 16 in March 1863 following his arrest at his sister Kitty's home in August 1862, incarceration covering many months at the primitive Forbes lock-up. John Walsh died from Gaol Fever. (Typhus fever.) (For full details, see Ben Hall Pt. 1.)
Dick Turpin or Claude Du Val?
The nexus of locals included the ever-present and willing bush telegraphs, who on horseback and foot scoured the towns and villages for news of prospective victims for a reward or a morsel of booty from the celebrated bushranger. One bush telegraph was John Bow, a local stockman on John Nowlan's station near Bimbi, Weddin Mountains and participant in the Eugowra gold heist.
However, as they say, actions speak louder than words, as described in the article below. Two local Flat businessmen brandishing some tough talk unknowingly however in Gardiner's presence at a local shanty were introduced to the Darkie personally when Frank identified himself. The men melted into a nervous quiver.
COUNTRY NEWS BURRANGONG
JOTTINGS ABOUT MEN AND THINGS AT LAMBING FLAT
Nevertheless, recruits, such as John Gilbert, John Davis, Jack O’Meally and Pat M'Guinness and others, all gravitated to 'The Darky', reputedly nicknamed by his muscular, athletic build dark-complexioned handsome looks as well as a love of the dark arts ... 'Fortune Telling'. The band of marauders commenced waylaying travellers daily on the roads between the Burrangong and the Lachlan gold diggings at Forbes. However, one of the most successful and most rewarding robberies for the bushranger was the bailing-up of two storekeepers on the 10th March 1862. After months of small takings, Gardiner hit pay dirt.
Gardiner's victims were Alfred Horsington (Hossington) and his wife Sophia, and Henry Hewett. The businessmen were stopped near Big Wombat. Alfred Horsington knew Gardiner by sight, saying in 1864;
However, later when captured and while in the dock at the Sydney Criminal Court at Darlinghurst in 1864. Frank Gardiner pleaded Guilty to the charge of Highway Robbery against Horsington and Hewitt, but took umbrage at the evidence put forward by his victims. In a letter to the judge, Chief Justice Alfred Stephen, Gardiner cast doubt over the victim's claims. Gardiner, in fact, stated that there were five in number, not four. The fifth man may have been Samuel Dinnir (Dinner), a well-known hoodlum of the district released from Bathurst Gaol in 1860; from the Yass Courier:
Gardiner stated that only two of the bushrangers involved remained alive during the court proceedings since the events. At the time of the 1864 trial, Pat M'Guinness had been shot dead. John O'Meally also shot dead, and John Davis, unmentioned previously, was serving a fifteen-year sentence and was descending into madness. Whether by design or mischievous intentions, Gardiner hints that Gilbert was not a participant.
Furthermore, Gardiner stated that the robbery was conducted much later, being some six weeks later. However, contemporary accounts in March 1862 were not fabricated and explicitly stated the events were on the 10th March 1862. A statement the court appeared disinterested in verifying, no doubt as the Highwayman had pleaded guilty to the charges.
Robberies mentioned above would have no doubt have included Ben Hall, Gardiner's newest compatriot. Ben Hall's link to crime with Gardiner dates back to 1861, evidenced when a mail contract rider was held up in 1863 by Hall and John Gilbert confirming the early link. 'Geelong Advertiser' December 1863;
The robbery of the storekeepers generated outrage, highlighted in the 'Sydney Morning Herald' article of the 15th March 1862, after the bushrangers had escaped with over £1500 in cash and gold;
Gunfight at Brewers Shanty - Davis falls.
Gardiner's primary interest in weapons may have been due to his ongoing plans for the imminent robbery at Eugowra, also known as the gold coach robbery. Keeping a keen eye on the proceedings, Gardiner made sure to arm his gang adequately, thus preparing for their next major heist. Yass Courier 12th April 1862.
Observing a pianoforte in the room, our Claude du Val requested one of Mr. P.'s family to oblige him with a little music, which was complied with, and an impromptu dance was got up. The visitors remained until morning, when they took away with them the firearms, but nothing else.Nevertheless, Gardiner brazened by the police's failings at any real attempt in pursuit or capture the Darkie became from March to June 1862 the governor of the Queen's roads and uninterrupted perpetrated a large volume of robberies. Supported by a band of ruffians constantly changing; March 25th 1862.- Telegram, Forbes;
THE LATE DESPERATE ENCOUNTER WITH BUSHRANGERS
With Davis' capture, and Gardiner's newest chum Ben Hall was also recently arrested, this appeared in the 'Empire';
Gardiner, seated left. |
But Gardiner, ever the strategist, promptly replaced Davis with John Gilbert. Gilbert, much like Davis, was a brave and daring individual, an expert horseman, and, most importantly, unwaveringly loyal. His intelligence and joyful personality closely mirrored those of Davis, making him the perfect candidate to fill Davis's shoes. With Gilbert's, Gardiner's gang was ready to resume their notorious exploits. The gang, despite the setback, adapted and persevered, embodying the chaotic and resilient spirit of the bushranging era.
Paddy Connolly, mate of Gardiner's. |
John Davis sentence commuted. November 1862. Sheriffs Papers. |
Following Davis' capture, 'The Darkie', either to rescue or avenge his mate's capture, commenced searching passenger coaches along the Lachlan Road, seeking the troopers responsible for grabbing his mate. The following article is from the 'Sydney Morning Herald' 17th April 1862 refers to Gardiner in company with four bushrangers riding magnificent mounts, one of whom was the newly single Ben Hall;
At the close of 1861, Ben Hall suffered a blow that 'no skilled surgeon could heal,'when his wife of five years shot through taking the 'sunshine of his home' with her. Ben's son Henry two years old. Accordingly, in low spirits and "no child to cheer him at the end of the day's toil." Ben fashioned a new reputation. Embracing the fast and loose behaviour of his new companions. In those final weeks of 1861 into early 1862, Ben Hall who had come into Gardiner's life while delivering cattle to Gardiner's butchering business at Lambing Flat c. 1860 and while down in his cups was often sighted wandering the the ramshackle drinking houses of Lambing Flat and Forbes commenced a closer relationship with Frank Gardiner, 'Prince of Tobymen'. Gardiner became the one person who would wield the most influence over Ben and is also widely claimed to be the father of the modern bushranger: Maguire wrote:
Things got from bad to worse, till Frank Gardiner, the bushranger came. He capped the lot. Now under 'The King of the Road's influence, Ben started on his notorious career.
Robberies become a dime a dozen since the rush of the Burrangong (Lambing Flat) and Forbes goldfields. Therefore, Ben Hall had unquestionably participated in earlier holdups, but as luck would have it, none were able to be pinned to him as attested to by Charles MacAlister: 'Old Pioneering Days in the Sunny South.'
Ben Hall and Gilbert were only suspected of a bushranging kinship with Gardiner. For though several of them had been before the Forbes Bench on suspicion (Ben Hall and O’Malley were repeatedly brought up), the law had failed to sheet the guilt home to them to the satisfaction of the local J.P.
It is 14th April 1862; Frank Gardiner and John Gilbert approach the transport dray of William Bacon drawing their revolvers. Edward Horsenail, an employee of Bacon's, later attested:
I noticed two men ride out of the bush, and cried out to Bacon, "Look out, Bill, here are the boys!" they came up and presented their revolvers, and ordered us into the bush.
Ben Hall c. 1862 |
Gardiner is a bold rogue and a very great fool, because, he not only braves the police and levies toll along the whole line of road from Burrangong to the Lachlan, but he risks his liberty or neck for the paltry equivalent of a few months defiance of the law. A pity it is that so bold a spirit should be occupied in so bad a cause, and should have to look forward to so contemptible an end.
Ben Hall on his first recorded robbery would be sent down for trial at Orange in May 1862 and with chicanery bribed a key witness and was acquitted.
Upon hearing the news of Ben's acquittal, Gardiner appeared at Sandy Creek offering Hall an apology for his lagging over the dray affair:
Next day Gardiner called Ben, and expressed regret that Ben had got into trouble through him.
Hall shrugged it off in reply stated:
Next time they take me they'll have something to take me for.
Following their meeting, Maguire noted that:
From
that out, Ben and Gardiner were often together.
One newspaper that repeatedly disparaged Gardiner's character was the 'Burrangong Courier'. The paper was editor-ed and owned by Mr G.D. Lang, son of the highly esteemed parliamentarian The Rev Dr Lang M.P. who had returned in 1834 from England on the same ship that brought out a five-year-old Francis Christie, 'The James'. Incensed at the unfavourable and derogatory reporting of the paper. Gardiner had been apprised that the influential father of the paper's owner was travelling through the Burrangong District gathering research for his highly anticipated article for the Sydney papers titled 'NOTES OF A TRIP TO THE WESTWARD AND SOUTHWARD'. Gardiner soon set his telegraphs to seek out the good Reverend for a parlay;
Accordingly, Gardiner penned one such letter that appeared in the Lachlan Miner and was reprinted in the bushrangers unfavourable Burrangong Courier. According to Frank's anamnesis. The letter highlighted the misrepresentation of Gardiner's most recent activities, whereby 'The Darky' wished to put the editor straight in a case of the pen is mighter than the revolver; BURRANGONG. (From the Burrangong Courier, April 23, 1862)- The following extremely respectable note and a letter appeared in the Lachlan Miner of the 10th instant. The Miner published Gardner's letter as we give it below, with the annexed endorsement as to its authenticity:
To the Editor of the Burrangong Miner, Lambing Flat;
Sir. - Having seen a paragraph in one of the papers, wherein it is said that I took the boots off a man's foot and that I also took the last few shillings that another man had, I wish it to be made known that I did not do anything of the kind. The man who took the boots was in my company, and for so doing, I discharged him the following day. Silver I never took from a man yet, and the shot that was fired at the sticking-up of Messrs Horsington and Hewitt was by accident, and the man who did it I also discharged. As for a mean, low, or petty action, I never committed it in my life. The letter that I last sent to the press, there had not half of what I said put in it. In all that has been said there never was any mention made of my taking the sergeant's horse and trying him, and that when I found he was no good, I went back and got my own. As for Mr Torpy, he is a perfect coward. After I spared his life as he fell out of the window, he fired at me as I rode away; but I hope that Mr Torpy and I have not done just yet until we balance our accounts properly. Mr Greig has accused me of robbing his teams, but it is false, for I know nothing about the robbery whatever. In fact, I would not rob Mr Greig or anyone belonging him, on account of his taking things so easy at Bogolong. Mr. Torpy was to bounceable, or he would not have been robbed. A word to Sir F. P. Pottinger. He wanted to know how it was the man who led my horse up to me the Pinnacle did not cut my horse's reins as he gave the horse. I should like to know if Mr. Pottinger would do so? I shall answer for him by saying no. It has been said that it would be advisable to place a trap at each shanty on the road, to put a stop to the depredations done on the road I certainly think that it would be a great acquisition me, for I should then have an increase of revolvers and carbines. When seven or eight men could do nothing with me at the Pinnacle, one would look well at a shanty. Three of your troopers were at a house the other night and got drinking and gambling until all hours. I came there towards morning when all was silent. The first room that I went into I found revolvers and carbines to any amount but seeing none was good as my own, I left them. I then went out, and in the verandah found the troopers sound asleep. Satisfying myself that neither Battye nor Pottinger were there, I left them as I found them, in the arms of Morpheus. Fear nothing, I remain, Prince of Tobymen.'
FRANCIS GARDNER, the Highwayman.
"Insert the foregoing, and rest satisfy you shall be paid."
"Make way for the Royal Mail." |
Gardiner's Dark Arts companion. |
Frank commenced organising a daring heist of Gold from a Royal Mail Escort. As such Frank had been scrutinising the regular gold escort movements around the goldfields of Forbes and Lambing Flat for months. Recording their routes and departure times as well as the number of ounces of gold on-board each coach. What made it easier for the 'King of the Road' was that the details required were frequently advertised/published in the local newspapers' columns. Some papers even went so far as to highlight how to conduct the robbery as early as January 1862. Expressed in; The 'Western Examiner' 30th January 1862;
Frank Gardiner was cognisant of that very sentiment revealed in the paper and amazingly almost followed the analysis to the letter. Therefore, gratified by the knowledge that the small number of police guards could be overcome. Gardiner set about finalising the logistics for the robbery. John Maguire, a close acquaintance of Frank Gardiner, wrote of Frank's desire in 'The Biography of a Reliable Old Native' (Written by P.H. Pinkstone, owner of the 'Hawkesbury Herald' and first published in the said newspaper after many in-depth interviews and fireside talks, c. 1906.)
Sergeant Duins was riding at its head, and the fallen tree, as he suddenly came upon it, seemed to excite his suspicion. He held up his hand, and cried "Halt!" That was taken as the signal to fire. The bushrangers jumped from behind the trees and fired a volley having loaded their guns with a double charge—a bullet and heavy shot. Four of the escort Davis, Boeswater, Fookes, and Morton—instantly fell, seriously wounded. Davis was shot in the neck as he tried to unstrap his carbine, and another of the wounded men was pinned down by his dead horse. Sergeant Duins dashed his horse through the barricade, being repeatedly fired at, for the robbers carried horse pistols as well as guns, and one of them, George Melville, had a revolver. Two bullets lodged in the flanks of Duin's horse, and both he and Warner exchanged shots with the gang until their ammunition was exhausted, but at too long-range to be effective. Warner gave up when his horse was shot in the jaw, and the sergeant galloped to the nearest police station for assistance. It was all over in a few minutes. The wounded men were left on the ground just as they lay, and while two of the bushrangers galloped out to exchange shots with Duins and Warner, the others took the gold and cash, overlooking, however, one packet of £120, and rode away through the bush. They had disappeared while the smoke of their guns still floated over the box trees.
At the time, it was a sensation. The banditos cleared out with over 3,000 ounces of gold and £800 in cash. Their shot at freedom and riches was short-lived. However, Frank Gardiner played no part in the McIvor affair. As in 1854 Gardiner as Clarke was recorded as stealing horses from Tunea on 1st July 1853;
As such, the subject of Christie/Gardiner's often linked historical involvement in the McIvor affair appears to have sprung from a Sydney newspaper that picked up a report from a Melbourne paper insinuating that Christie was a person of interest even leader in the affair.
Furthermore, Gardiner was in the habit of using many aliases'. An absconder would no doubt, if seized, have instantly provided one of the many false names in his repertoire. Apart from the one mention in the Sydney paper picked up from Victoria, there is no other link to Christie/Gardiner's alleged involvement.
Consequently, all the evidence at the subsequent trials of the actual perpetrators, in which John Francis turned Queen's evidence, makes no mention of the involvement of Christie or a man fitting his description. However, in his evidence, the approver John Francis references Pentridge;
Three of the men were convicted and hung for the crime. One committed suicide, and one turned approver. Another disappeared named Grey (Gray). Even on the Gallows, none about to face their maker or for possible salvation named names and took their leaps into eternity silent. Six in number participated. In another sweep of the robbery area, three other men were sent to trial as conspirators. They were Harding, Elson and McEvoy. They, too, were discharged soon after the examination as nothing could be proved against them as had been with Christopher Christy.
Thus, January's 1862 'Western Examiners' assessment of how to rob a coach may well be the only grounds for Gardiner's strategy at Eugowra and McIvor purely a historical coincidence. Another plausible explanation may well have been a correspondent pursuing the police Victorian Hue and Cry in 1853, drew a link confusing Francis Christie's escape from Pentridge and the Francis brothers and Christopher Christie's apprehension's at the McIvor diggings. However, whether or not that's true as fallen into the abyss of time.
Finally, the nail in the coffin of Gardiner's presence at McIvor came from Constable John Padget of the NSW police who in March 1854 stated under oath at Christie's trial for horse stealing in February 1854 where Gardiner as Clarke had stolen horses from the Fish River and Tunea district, quite a time-consuming effort.
Jack Fagan Escort Coach Whip |
Accordingly, with the knowledge in hand and the site decided 'The Darkie' set off on Saturday 14th June 1862 for Eugowra Rocks with his band-of-brothers.
George Burgess c. 1930's. Rare photo. |
George Burgess, who was only thirteen years old at the time, acted as an assistant to Dick Bloomfield, the person in charge of the family wagon. In his role as a 'billy boiler' - someone who made tea - Burgess had a unique perspective on the event.
He recounted how Frank Gardiner commandeered the drays. According to Burgess, Gardiner was polite, articulate, and commanding. His authoritative demeanor quickly established control over the situation. His charisma and assertiveness overrode any objections, making it clear he was in charge.
Despite the inherently criminal nature of the act, Burgess's account paints Gardiner as something of a gentleman bandit. This perspective aligns with other accounts of Gardiner's behavior, suggesting a man who relied on charm and wit as much as force to achieve his goals. While such accounts certainly do not excuse his actions, they do provide a more nuanced picture of this infamous figure.
Ultimately, these first-hand accounts from individuals like George Burgess provide an invaluable glimpse into the character and operations of Frank Gardiner. They reveal a man who was not just a ruthless bushranger, but also a master manipulator, able to control situations and people with his charisma and intelligence. Despite the fear and uncertainty his presence undoubtedly caused, he left a lasting impression on those he encountered, as evidenced by the vividness of these accounts, commenting in the 'Molong Express and Western District Advertiser' Saturday 14th September 1935;
Eugowra Rocks. View towards the track of the approaching coach. Bushrangers secreted left. My photo |
As the Gold Escort, burdened with its precious cargo and defended by Sgt Condell and troopers Moran, Halivand, and Rafferty, made its way along the deeply rutted track, the clopping of horse hooves and the jangling of harnesses echoed eerily off the granite slopes. This was a typical journey for the team, marked by the familiar routine of encouraging the horses on and the comforting cracks of driver Fagan's whip.
Unbeknownst to them, however, their course was leading them towards danger. As they rounded a bend, the sudden appearance of three bullock teams blocking their path took them by surprise. The drivers of the drays were nowhere to be seen, leaving the Gold Escort to navigate around the unexpected obstacle. Fagan, with his characteristic authority, called out, "Make way for the Royal-mail", but to no avail. The path was blocked, and they had no choice but to try and circumvent the drays.
As they neared a massive boulder, an ominous sight met their eyes. From behind this shelter, men rose, their identities obscured by red comforters wrapped around their heads and the blackening on their faces. Clad in red shirts and armed with an array of rifles and revolvers, the sight was a chilling one.
Under the leadership of the infamous Frank Gardiner, these men were no mere highwaymen, but seasoned bushrangers. At Gardiner's call, the men let loose a volley of gunfire. The bullets rained down on the coach, splintering the timber frame and causing chaos amongst the lawmen inside. This audacious attack marked a shocking shift in the usually uneventful journey of the Gold Escort, forever cementing this day in history as a moment of intense conflict and danger.
Image of the Escort Coach attacked at Eugowra 15th June 1862. Photograph was taken in 1917 by W H Burgess. Held at the Mitchel Library. Many thanks to Dick Adams. |
Another image of the Escort Coach photographed by Frank Walker. Courtesy RAHS. |
Hanbury Clements station Eugowra. Bailliere's New South Wales Gazetteer and Road Guide, 1866. |
Eugowra Escort Robbery June 1862. Illustration by Monty Wedd. © |
Commissioner Grenfell. Newspaper Image, 1867. Courtesy NLA. |
As the gang concealed themselves in anticipation of the oncoming coach, they quietly observed two unsuspecting men passing by, completely oblivious of the grim tableau that was about to unfold.
In the wake of the attack, the shell-shocked survivors found refuge at Clements. In the dim light, they received urgent medical attention for their injuries. The magnitude of what had transpired started to sink in. A palpable sense of urgency swept through the place as Clements took it upon himself to deliver the chilling news to the police camp at Forbes. In the dark stillness of the night, he spurred his horse and rode with all his might.
Rafferty too appeared at the Forbes police camp, carrying with him the harrowing assumption that all his colleagues had been killed in the ruthless ambush. As the news spread like wildfire, a sense of pandemonium enveloped the area. The details of the brutal attack were quickly disseminated across the contemporary information highway - the Electric Telegraph, painting a vivid picture of the horror that had unfolded at Eugowra.
Later that fateful Sunday evening, with the report from Clements in hand, the gravity of the situation began to fully dawn on the people of Forbes. The events of that day had thrown their peaceful existence into chaos, marking a grim chapter in the annals of their community's history.
Capt. William Browne. c. 1869. Courtesy Hay H.S. |
In the aftermath of the brutal attack, Sir Frederick Pottinger arrived at the scene. Taking command of the situation, he immediately launched an intensive manhunt to bring the culprits to justice. Following a quick recovery operation to fix the bullet-riddled coach and procure fresh horses, the survivors of the attack were able to resume their journey to Orange. Along the way, they even picked up some additional passengers, and Clements was able to locate the missing bullock drivers.
The journey resumed under Sir Frederick Pottinger's orders, the coach, showing visible signs of the fierce encounter, finally arrived at its destination. As the sun set on Monday evening, the coach trundled up Summer Street towards the Post Office in Orange. On board were driver John Fagan, Sgt Condell, Constable Moran, Constable Havilland, Mr Boynton (the manager of the coach company Ford &Co.), Ellen Chandler, her servant and child. As they arrived in Orange, Haviland and the troopers deposited the mail that had remained surprisingly untouched throughout the ordeal. Their next stop was Dalton's Inn, located on Byng Street.
However, as the coach moved away from the Post Office towards the Inn, a chilling sound cut through the evening air - a gunshot from within the coach. In a heart-stopping moment, Constable Haviland, who had been seated inside the coach, was fatally wounded by a single shot from Constable Moran's revolver. In the tumultuous scramble with the bushrangers, the firearm had fallen to the floor, forgotten under Haviland's seat, leading to an unintentional discharge with tragic consequences.
James Dalton licence for The O'Connell Inn. New South Wales, Australia, Certificates for Publicans' Licences, 1853-1899 for James Dalton, 1860. |
Hanbury Clements. c. 1880's |
As the law enforcement authorities tirelessly pursued the bushranger gang in attempting to seek their whereabouts. Hanbury Clements penned a detailed account of the harrowing ordeal and its aftermath. His letter, intended for an acquaintance in Bathurst, recounted the terrifying events with striking detail and conveyed the gravity of the situation. Amidst the chilling recount, Clements made sure to highlight Sgt Condell's extraordinary composure during the attack.
Clements noted in his letter how the road had been blocked by three strategically positioned bullock teams, making their escape impossible. He made a specific mention of the bushranger Frank Gardiner, who was the only member of the gang not disguised during the incident.
In no time at all, the astonishing news of the robbery rippled through the colony, sparking a fervor of reactions. Inspector Pottinger, leading a team of vigilant settlers, was quick to mobilize a response. After assessing the condition of the escort troopers and managing to upright the toppled coach, the Inspector and his team wasted no time in beginning their pursuit.
With the aid of aboriginal black trackers, they carefully examined the scene of the robbery. Noticing the distinct trail left behind by the bandits, they put the highly skilled trackers on the scent. This marked the beginning of their relentless hunt, a quest to bring the audacious criminals to justice.
After running down the creek about six miles, the tracks passed through the fence, which had been cut with a cold chisel - across the Eugowra road, and in a straight direction for Forbes. The robbers had then gradually wheeled back, recrossed the road and made for the river, over which they passed into Newell's paddock at Waugan, where they tied up their horses under a bank, and partook of a meal of half-cooked meat, the remains of which and some torn envelopes were found scattered about. Judging by appearances, the pursuing party arrived at the conclusion that the robbers had divided at this spot. For some time considerable difficulty was experienced in taking up the tracks from this paddock, the traffic throughout having been so great! Eventually, they were found-sometimes on the ground, but generally, through the bush, the track pursued being across the Wowingragong plains to within five miles of Fenn's Hotel, where it became so dark that, after tracking a mile on foot, the spot was marked by rearing up a log of wood against a tree in a patch of dead myall.³⁴
View from Gardiner's camp Wheogo Hill. Weddin Mountains in the foreground. Courtesy Peter C Smith. |
Nestled on the boundaries of Ben Hall's station and the Walsh family's Wheogo station - the family of Gardiner's love, Kitty Brown - sat Wheogo Hill. It was here that the gang regrouped after their audacious robbery, dividing their spoils under the safety of the hill's summit. The young Johnny 'Warrigal' Walsh joined them, dutifully running errands over the next few days to provide the victuals necessary for the survival of the Eugowra marauders. Their loot was indeed a hefty haul, consisting of 2700 oz. of gold, amounting to over 7 million dollars in today's value, and £3,700 in Oriental Bank notes, an equivalent of $310,000 in today's terms.
Once the proceeds had been distributed into eight equal shares, Ben Hall, Jack O'Meally, Manns, and Bow took their leave. John Gilbert remained at the camp with his 22 lbs of gold and £460 in notes safely tucked away in his saddlebag. Gardiner, Fordyce, and Charters moved their gold onto one of the bags hanging from the pack-horse taken from the coach.
However, additional storage was needed, and Charters was supposedly sent to Hall's home for extra saddlebags. Upon reaching Hall's yard, Charters found himself unexpectedly confronted by Sgt Sanderson. Reacting swiftly, Charters bolted back to the hill, alarming the others with cries of "Look out the traps are upon us."
In the ensuing panic, Gardiner, accompanied by Charters and Johnny Walsh, grabbed the pack-horse reins and fled towards the dense Weddin Mountains. Gilbert hastily mounted his horse, abandoning his partner and leader, an act that would spell the end of their camaraderie.
Hot on their trail, Sanderson used the black tracker Hastings to follow Charters to the summit. After a swift survey of the villains' camp, Sanderson resumed his relentless pursuit of the bushrangers.
The role of young Johnny Walsh during the events at Wheogo Hill has often been overlooked. Known as 'The Warrigal,' Walsh served as the critical link in providing sustenance to the men as they split the robbery proceeds. It's speculated that Walsh, not Gilbert or Charters, was sent by Gardiner to collect saddlebags from Hall's. As a less suspicious figure, Walsh would not have raised alarm. This theory is supported by the fact that Maguire, who had a bone to pick with Charters over an alleged affair with his wife during the 1863 escort trial, was quick to name Charters. Once Sanderson reached the abandoned camp, he noted the supply chain established by Warrigal.
Every man for himself.
For the first time in his criminal escapades, Gardiner succumbed to panic, making a grave error in his haste. With the relentless police pursuit in mind, he felt the weight of the pack-horse was hampering their escape. In a moment of extreme pressure, Gardiner made the fateful decision to abandon the reins of the pack-horse, leaving his share, along with those of Charters and Fordyce, on the horse's back. He urged his companions, shouting:
"Go your own roads, and look after yourselves."
His command was heeded immediately, his partners scattering in various directions, each one attempting to secure their own safety.
The famous photo of Francis Christie and another believed to be John Gilbert possibly taken at Forbes in 1861/2 at Mrs Ryan's Photographic Studio. |
Map of Gardiner's retreat from Eugowra sketched by Police 1862. The map on the right re-drawn by Mr Edgar Penzig. Courtesy Penzig. |
Despite the pressure and chaos of the escape from Wheogo Hill, it later became clear that Gardiner may have misjudged the situation. In the heat of the moment, he failed to realize that his pursuer, Sanderson, was still a significant distance behind them. They had, in fact, more time to escape than Gardiner had initially assumed, even with the burden of the pack-horse slowing their flight.
As such, Gardiner may have been able to retain the remaining gold had he remained calm and composed. A letter published in the 'Examiner' on Tuesday, 1st July 1862, revealed how far Sanderson was from the fleeing bushrangers at the time. This account also made it clear that the district was well aware that Gardiner was the mastermind behind the entire operation. The situation served as a testament to the importance of keeping one's nerve under pressure and highlighted Gardiner's critical misstep.
The reward offered is good, but should have been £200 each for the first four robbers taken. There is a feeling here that the Government is decidedly liable for the loss on account of want of proper precaution. If properly managed by Pottinger, who is still out, I firmly believe all the gold will be got. It is most amusing to us to see by the Sydney papers that an impression prevailed that Gardner was not concerned in the robbery.³⁷
CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT WEDNESDAY
For Charters and Fordyce, their involvement in the audacious gold heist turned out to be a fruitless endeavor. When the authorities recovered the pack-horse and the gold it carried, Gardiner only offered Charters a paltry £50 as compensation. Fordyce, on the other hand, received nothing. In Gardiner's eyes, Fordyce's failure to discharge his weapon during the ambush of the gold coach and his drunken state rendered him undeserving of any share in the loot. In his fury, upon his return to Wheogo Hill, Gardiner threatened to “cut his rations bloody short.”
Interestingly, the dramatic escort robbery turned out to be Gardiner's final act of bushranging. Just days after the daring robbery, conjecture arose suggesting this might be the case, and these predictions indeed turned out to be accurate. The sentiment was captured in a Lachlan Observer article published in June 1862. The incident served as a pivotal point in Gardiner's notorious bushranging career, marking the end of his time as a highwayman and signifying a significant shift in his trajectory.
In the aftermath of the audacious Escort robbery, Frank Gardiner found himself with an empty pocket despite the daring undertaking. With no share of the stolen bounty and the authorities on his tail, Gardiner, reputed for his elusive ways, promptly disappeared from New South Wales.
For weeks, his whereabouts were the subject of rampant speculation and whispered rumors. Some reports suggested he might have found refuge in Victoria, possibly in the bustling port city of Portland. Others insisted that South Australia was the more likely destination for the infamous bushranger.
However, during this period of relative quiet, some stories insinuated that Gardiner was laying low in the gold-rich town of Ballarat, biding his time until the heat subsided. The facts were elusive, much like Gardiner himself, a man known for his adeptness at disappearing into the shadows when the situation demanded it.
Then, after weeks of being off the radar, Gardiner resurfaced. His return was not in any of the speculated locales, but back in Wheogo, at the home of Catherine Brown. His return was as unexpected as his departure, adding another layer of mystique to the notorious bushranger. Gardiner's life, much like the man himself, remained a mystery wrapped in layers of myth and hearsay. It was a saga that was unfolding in real-time, in the dust and heat of the Australian bush, as unpredictable as the man who was living it: 'The Argus, Melbourne' 25th August 1862;
Gardiner's friendship with Youngman further entwines their narratives, illustrating how closely their lives were tied together. It paints a picture of tangled relationships and alliances within the underbelly of society, underscored by their collective defiance of the law.
Adding another interesting layer to this narrative is a peculiar episode involving the "Fat Girl." This intriguing character, due to her sizable appearance, found herself stranded at Smythes, a place just five miles from Ballarat. The harsh inclement weather at the time meant that no coach was available to transport her. Intriguingly, it was around this time and at this location that rumors of Gardiner's presence were rife.
This captivating twist of events, peppered with unusual characters and mysterious happenings, once again highlights the unexpected turns that defined Gardiner's life. The narrative, steeped in intrigue and cloaked in the drama of the Australian bush, offers a fascinating glimpse into the interconnected lives of the period's notorious outlaws. 'The Star' Friday 25th July 1862;
Frank Gardiner, a master of disguise and evasion, could have been anywhere during this time. Despite the numerous reports and rumours placing him in various locations, including Ballarat, it seems unlikely that he ever strayed far from Lachlan. Gardiner had a substantial number of supporters in this region, making it a relatively safe base for his operations. Additionally, he was deeply in love with Kitty, and it seems improbable that he would leave her side for six weeks or more, nor that she would accompany him on a dangerous journey south.
A report of Gardiner's arrest near Kilmore, which was the childhood home of his associate John Gilbert, further fuelled speculation about his whereabouts. Gilbert had recently escaped from Sir Frederick Pottinger in July 1862 near Temora, NSW, adding a layer of credibility to these rumours. However, this turned out to be a case of mistaken identity, merely adding to the mystery and confusion around Gardiner's movements.
Another possibility is that Gardiner travelled to Gippsland to stay with his brother Charles and his sister Robina. Yet, this remains speculation, as there is little definitive evidence to support this theory. The enigmatic nature of Gardiner's activities during this time even led some to suggest that he had fled Australia altogether, further adding to the myriad of theories and rumours surrounding this elusive figure. 'South Australian Weekly Chronicle' Saturday 30th August 1862;
Newspapers during this era were rife with speculations and sensationalized accounts of Gardiner's exploits and whereabouts, feeding into the public's fascination with this elusive outlaw. However, the authenticity of Gardiner's presence in the south has never been conclusively confirmed.
An inside source from Yass appeared to offer a different perspective, suggesting that Gardiner's apparent departure from Lachlan was nothing more than a cunning ruse. According to this theory, Gardiner may have been hiding in his old haunts in the Goulburn/Wheeo area, or even closer to Kitty's home. This tantalizing possibility offered a thrilling twist in the tale for the public and kept them hooked on every development.
Even Sir Frederick Pottinger, a law enforcement officer tasked with capturing Gardiner, was drawn into this web of intrigue. Hoping against hope, he arrived at Kitty's home, aiming to at least capture, if not kill, his elusive target. This narrative, along with others like it, was widely disseminated in the 'Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Chronicle' on Saturday, 6th September 1862, further fanning the flames of public curiosity and interest in the enigmatic figure of Frank Gardiner.
Sir Frederick Pottinger. 1831-1865. |
Despite his limited successes, Sir Frederick Pottinger remained relentless in his pursuit of law and order in the lawless West. His determination to apprehend the notorious bushrangers intensified, particularly towards those who dwelled in the numerous stations known for their anarchic activities and nefarious dealings. This sentiment became particularly potent in Pottinger's pursuit of Ben Hall, further fuelling his frustration.
Many settlers, previously pinpointed on a police map for their known or suspected affiliations with bushrangers or their status as protectors or harbourers, staunchly denied any knowledge of the enigmatic outlaw, Frank Gardiner. This added to the formidable cone of silence that stymied Pottinger's investigations.
With many of those implicated in the Escort Robbery still at large, Pottinger's frustration reached a boiling point. To make matters worse, he faced constant ridicule from the press and the parliament for his consistent lack of success. His pride was further bruised by his failure to capture his primary target, Gardiner, despite receiving reliable information about his presence at Wheogo in early August 1862. A local had tipped him off that Gardiner was in the district, likely at Mrs Brown's home. Armed with this intelligence, Pottinger and his brigade set off with renewed vigour, determined to finally capture the elusive bushranger.
"Gardiner's horse then began to rear and plunge." Sketch by Percy Lindsay. c. 1935. |
Saturday, August 9, 1862, marked a potentially pivotal moment for Inspector Pottinger. Equipped with his insider information, he embarked on a covert mission from Forbes at dusk, bypassing the main road to maintain discretion. He arrived around ten o'clock at night after a grueling thirty-mile trek through the bush. Setting up camp about two miles from Mrs. Brown's home, Pottinger and Inspector Saunderson moved on foot to survey the area, bristling with anticipation.
Mrs. Brown's house stood isolated, a lone structure in a small open space surrounded by thick scrub, near the main Wheogo homestead. Pottinger was convinced that 'The Darkie' would be arriving soon, drawn to Kitty by their clandestine romance. His men were positioned strategically, their nerves alight with tension as they waited in the dark.
And then, like a specter under the cloak of midnight, Gardiner appeared. Casually riding his white charger towards Kitty's home, he remained oblivious to the danger lurking in the shadows. The tension skyrocketed as Kitty stepped outside to gather some wood, then retreated back into her home. Pottinger waited with bated breath, the adrenaline coiling tight within him.
As Gardiner drew near, Pottinger sprang up from his hiding spot, shouting 'Stand in the Queen's name'. He aimed his carbine at the unsuspecting bushranger and pulled the trigger. Startled, Gardiner let out a shriek, but a malfunction in Pottinger's carbine spared him from harm. Seizing the opportunity, Gardiner took off, escaping the clutches of Pottinger and his eight strategically placed troopers, two of whom also fired and missed as the bushranger disappeared into the night.
However, it was also stated that Gardiner was actually in bed with his paramour when the police surrounded Brown's house. A consensus formed soon after that concluded that it did seem strange that ten men, all fully armed, should let one man slip through their fingers, especially when he (Gardiner) was boxed up within four walls. There must have been gross mismanagement somewhere.
With fury coursing through him, Pottinger stormed into Kitty's home. After a tense interrogation of Kitty and her younger brother 'Warrigal', Pottinger arrested the young man.
Gardiner, caught off guard by the sudden cry piercing the night and the sharp click of the malfunctioning carbine, thrust his horse into the surrounding scrubland. Once they had reached a distance of about 500 yards from the scene of the encounter, Gardiner reined in his horse, pausing to steady his nerves and contemplate his next move. Lachlan Miner 12th August 1862;
Frank Gardiner |
However, in 1864, a rumor suggested a romantic rivalry between Pottinger and Gardiner for the affections of Catherine 'Kitty' Brown, a woman widely noted for her beauty and charm.
Whether or not there was an actual love triangle involving Pottinger, Gardiner, and Kitty, there's no doubt that speculation about such a relationship was rife in the local area. The whisperings and gossip about this potential romantic intrigue added an additional layer of drama to the ongoing clash between the lawman and the outlaw. The following is an example of the kind of speculation that circulated about the nature of their relationships.
The grand event of Sir Frederick's remarkable career was his memorable engagement with, and partial defeat of, the renowned Gardiner known, or to be known, in colonial history as the battle of Wheogo. Certain circumstances, which time and the recent capture of Gardiner may perhaps now fully explain, seem to point to the conclusion that between Sir F. and Gardiner a rival ship existed in the fields of love, as well as in those of war. The smiles of the fair Catherine appear to have been bestowed on the bold brigand in preference to the titled police officer. Animated by the most powerful motives, the desire at once to extinguish a detested rival, and in the character of a conquering hero to claim the prize of beauty, Sir F. concerted measures to circumvent Gardiner and succeeded to admiration. With a chosen band of horsemen, he surrounded the bower of Cleopatra.
Antony issues forth, conspicuously mounted on a white charger, as if in contempt of his antagonist.
Sir F. fires and misses. Gardiner effects a leisurely and orderly retreat, which Sir F. and his troops magnanimously refrain from disturbing. It is Shakespeare's fiction of Dogberry realised, as thus —
Dogberry— "You are to bid any man stand in the Queen's name."
Watch. — "How if he will not stand."
Dogberry — "Why then take no note of him, but thank God you are rid of a knave."
Now this is exactly what Sir F. did. Having "got rid" of a knave and a rival, he returned with the flush of victory on his brow, find took possession of the evacuated citadel, capturing the remainder of the garrison, consisting of a single boy of fourteen years of age.
Kitty's home Wheogo. c. 1920's. |
However, after his narrow escape, Gardiner returned to the hut quickly. As dawn was breaking, he and Mrs. Brown began preparations to embark on the long journey to Queensland.
Interestingly, a long-time resident of the Lachlan District, known by the pseudonym John A Hux, who was responsible for many favorable comments about Gardiner, Hall and their crew in the newspapers, shared the following insights. The information was reputedly straight from Frank Gardiner himself, detailing his narrow escape and surprisingly expressing his admiration for Sir Frederick Pottinger.
Despite the intense situation, it's important to note the strong romantic connection between Gardiner and Mrs. Brown. Gardiner was known for his charismatic personality. Standing 5 ft. 8½ in tall with an athletic build, brown hair, and hazel eyes, he possessed the face of a Corsair, along with a smooth voice. His lover, Catherine, was described as a striking beauty, standing at 5ft 3in with sandy blonde hair. In fact, all three of the Walsh women were considered attractive.
After this incident, Frank Gardiner disappeared from the Lachlan district with Mrs. Brown. However, robberies continued to occur in the early months of 1863, and they were often attributed to Gardiner. The name Gardiner was still associated with many of the robberies committed during this period. However, it was more likely the work of John Gilbert, Ben Hall, and John O'Meally, not Gardiner. His conspicuous absence for several months led one correspondent to ponder on his whereabouts.
To compound matters, rumours of their departure abounded, whereby, soon after the confrontation at Kitty's, Gardiner was said to have taken passage on a ship the 'All Serene.' This was generally thought to have occurred during Gardiner's reputed disappearance from the Lachlan, June 62-August 62. Note the date. The 'All Serene' was recorded as sailing from Sydney for California on July the 16th 1862;
Note: The ship 'All Serene' reputed to have carried Gardiner off was lost at sea on March 2nd 1864, while carrying a cargo of lumber under the command of Captain M. Meyers, having departed Victoria, Vancouver's Island 29th of November, 1863, for Sydney. In a fierce storm lasting weeks, the ship sank, setting the crew and passengers adrift into the violent sea were; "on counting our number there were thirty-one left; the captain's wife and two children, the chief mate, cook, a boy, and two passengers were drowned."
Although Frank Gardiner was gone. The lack of sightings was treated in the press as if his disappearance had become a major corporation's CEO resignation.
Gardiner, Wheeo, 1862. |
Hours after the confrontation with Pottinger, Gardiner and Kitty Brown disappeared without a trace. Their first destination was Wheeo, Gardiner's old haunt during his days with Fogg and Piesley. Wheeo was home to many disreputable characters and was tucked away from prying eyes, with the nearest major town being Crookwell and the thinly populated Grabben Gullen nearby.
In the closing months of 1862, it was widely rumored that Francis Christie, using the alias James Christie, secretly married Catherine Brown in Wheeo. This was confirmed by Kitty herself. During his time in Wheeo, Gardiner reconnected with old mates such as Ruggy Jim, Long Tom, and Topham. His presence in the area was frequently reported in the 'Empire' in October 1862.
In the same month of October 1862, great excitement was again generated when a report appeared of Gardiner's capture by none other than the 'Hero of Wheogo' Sgt Sanderson. 'Yass Courier' Oct 1862;
Queensland. Apis Creek.
As such, rumors persisted that Gardiner finally fled the colony with Mrs Brown. The whereabouts of the mythical bushranger became the subject of much speculation. Their destination was Queensland, not California, as some had suggested. Evidence suggests their departure occurred in late October or November 1862.
Their journey northward was set to take several months. Evidence indicates that the pair travelled via Dubbo, crossed the Barwon River near Walgett, then on to St George, Miles, Taroom, Theodore, Rannes, passing through Rockhampton and finally arriving at their ultimate destination, Apis Creek near Peak Downs, sometime in March or April 1863. This was a journey of some 900 miles. Along the route, Catherine mentioned that a man joined them as a servant. The identity of this person remains a mystery to this day. Daniel Charters had been hinted at, or possibly the reputed informant to the police about Gardiner's location at Apis Creek, a man by the name of Mark Brown. (Penzig)
However, before their arrival at Apis Creek, a man named J.E. Richter observed the couple's appearance at Rannes, which is 80 miles short of Rockhampton. According to Richter, Frank tried to negotiate the purchase of a new hotel owned by a Mr Pendrigh. The hotel, built entirely of split timber, consisted of eight rooms and was located adjacent to the main road a mile from Rannes. The new establishment contained a bar and accommodation, even though it was far from completion. Pendrigh's hotel would eventually become known as 'The Netherby Arms.'
Richter was particularly struck by the pair's distinctive appearance. Given the limited company in these remote back-blocks, Catherine stood out for her striking good looks and lush blonde hair, while Gardiner impressed with his athletic physique. They made quite an attractive couple. While staying at Rannes for two days, Richter took note of Catherine's skills as a horsewoman.
Archibald Craig. 1835-1868. Never before published. Private Source. |
Following the extraction of the dray, the four commenced travelling together. Catherine revealed;
Maria Louisa Craig. Never before published. Private source. |
In partnership with Craig, they established a multifaceted business enterprise, encompassing a hotel, general store, and butcher's shop, all side by side. The Apis Creek Hotel, crafted from wooden slabs with a roof made from the bark of local white, gum topped box, and ironbark trees, was a rustic yet charming establishment stripped by local aboriginals.
Once the new venture was set up, Frank and Catherine oversaw the daily operations of the general store and butcher's shop, while Archibald Craig and his wife Maria managed the hotel, where all beverages were priced at a shilling. This was a remarkable turn of events for the former bushranger and his companion, who seemed to have successfully transitioned into this new chapter of their lives.
Apis Creek site of Craig and Christie's business. The marker was erected by the Rockhampton Historical Society in 1970. Courtesy Gary Hunn. |
Frank Gardiner, now known as James Christie, quickly built a reputation as a respectable, polite, and helpful. His demeanor was such that he soon became a favorite amongst the locals, who deemed him trustworthy. His companion, Kitty, known as Mrs. Christie, was a petite, fair woman of attractive appearance, roughly 25 years old. She, too, was appreciated by locals and travelers alike for her gracious hospitality when assisting the miners. This was something of a rarity among storekeepers and hoteliers of the time, many of whom followed the policy of 'money first, goods later.'
When it came to licensing the Apis Creek Hotel, a man named Mr Fitzsimmons raised an objection. Nonetheless, Chief Constable Foran approved the license. Thus, Gardiner, now under the alias James Christie, was able to formally transition into a respectable business owner and member of the Apis Creek community. Despite the dramatic changes in his life, his past as a notorious bushranger remained unbeknownst to those around him. His ability to seamlessly blend into this new lifestyle spoke volumes about his adeptness at deception and disguise, commenting;
Gardiner, under his alias James Christie, maintained a low profile during his time in Apis Creek. Despite handling substantial amounts of gold, he did not draw attention to himself. His physical appearance had changed too, with him having gained weight and grown a full beard and whiskers, which helped mask his facial features.
His companion Catherine, known as Mrs Christie, was described as petite and attractive, with sandy blonde hair. Both of them were reserved in nature, keeping to themselves and maintaining a strictly professional relationship with the Craig's, their business partners.
It was a stark contrast to Gardiner's previous life as an infamous bushranger. Here in Apis Creek, he had become a trusted well respected businessman. His transformation was testament to his ability to adapt and reinvent himself. Nevertheless, the truth of his past loomed as a constant shadow, a secret waiting to be discovered, as Craig admitted under oath;
Oscar De Satge |
Even amidst this quiet life in Apis Creek, Gardiner's reputation for reliability and trustworthiness didn't go unnoticed by the local community. Oscar De Satge, a prominent grazier and owner of the 'Wolfgang Station' at Peak Downs, was particularly impressed with Gardiner. Their relationship began somewhat innocuously over a shared admiration for a fine brown horse that Gardiner was riding. Introducing himself as James Christie, he struck up a cordial relationship with De Satge, which grew over time.
Trusting Gardiner's discretion and dependability, De Satge would subsequently leave substantial sums of money in Gardiner's care. This entrusted responsibility reflected the new identity that Gardiner had cultivated for himself in Apis Creek. He had not only evaded the law but managed to establish a level of respect and trustworthiness that belied his past as an infamous bushranger.
I gave him every encouragement and promised him he would get his license if the house was a good one. I made up my mind to stop there on my next trip down from Peak Downs (in Australia, especially Queensland, it is down to town, and not up), which I did, camping there sometime after with some fellow-travellers and many horses for two nights, when we were well taken care of by Christie and his partner, whom we found very decent fellows, the accommodation being superior to anything on that road, as the respective wives of Christie and his partner thoroughly understood how to make travellers comfortable. On another occasion when camping there, I remember giving into Christie's charge for the night a saddle-bag with a considerable sum in cheques and notes that I was about to pay into the Rockhampton Bank, which he kept quite safe for me.
Regardless of the origins of the story and their past, the Christie's successfully created a new life for themselves in Apis Creek. Their reserve and cautious approach with people like Oscar De Satge ensured their past stayed buried. Even when their past seemed to catch up with them, such as the rumor that they had visited family in Portland, Victoria, after Gardiner's confrontation with Pottinger in August 1862, they quickly dismissed it.
During a hearing in Rockhampton, Catherine dispelled the rumors. She claimed they had come from the Edward River, strategically positioning it close to the Lachlan District, reinforcing their story of coming from Victoria.
Gardiner's ability to navigate these tricky situations without arousing suspicion demonstrated his cunning and savvy. It was perhaps this trait, coupled with his charismatic personality, that had allowed him to elude capture for so long. He had not only managed to evade the law but also successfully established a new identity that was far removed from his past as a notorious bushranger. Despite the ever-present danger of their past catching up to them, the Christie's continued to live a relatively peaceful life in Apis Creek.
Sale of Apis Creek horse. |
Furthermore, in January of 1864, three months before Gardiner's arrest, a reporter for the 'Geelong Advertiser' trumped the police and made the sensational claim that Gardiner was indeed in Queensland. The reporter appeared to have a very credible source. Moreover, the article may also have been the catalyst for the police to finally act. Contrary to the various reports that Catherine's sister Bridget's lover James Taylor, the man Bridget Hall deserted Ben Hall for may have informed on their whereabouts via a note received from Kitty and sought the substantial reward is doubtful. The reputed letter sent that may have exposed their whereabouts is reputedly as follows;
Aphis Creek,
Rockhampton,
Queensland.
6 December 1863.
Dear Jim,
No doubt you will be surprised to receive a letter from me, Kate Brown, that was, now Mrs Christie. A friend is writing this for me. Frank told me not to write, but I want to know how things are on the Lachlan. How is my dear sister Bridget? Give her my love and say I am quite well. I hope my sister Helen and my brother Johnny and Step-Mar are all well, also old friends. Please don’t tell anybody you heard from me, only write me a few lines to Mrs Frank Christie, Aphis Creek. Frank and I are quite well. Hoping you are the same.
Kate Christie
In turn, another claim is that John Brown himself turned on the couple. Others claim a former digger from Lambing Flat recognised Gardiner or Catherine and went to Sydney seeking the reward.
The Christie's whereabouts had been full of mystery, rumour and innuendo for the past nineteen months, as attested to above. As such, the time had drifted by with no apparent hindrance as the happy couple adjusted to their new life of anonymity far from their previous home in NSW. However, the blissful hiatus would come to an abrupt end.
Frank Gardiner is got.
Dramatised Illustration of Gardiner's arrest at Apis Creek QLD, 1864. F. Cubitt. |
BALCLUTHA; Iron passenger steamship built by Caird & Co., Greenock Scotland. Lost with all hands in 1881. Courtesy State Library of Qld. |
James Pye. Penzig |
However, all was not kosha between the men. An altercation bordering on mutiny arose between Pye, Wells and McGlone, the officer in charge who had refused to divulge their expedition's purpose. Indignant at not being taken into McGlone's confidence, Pye and Wells declined to proceed further unless fully informed of their task. Unhappy, McGlone relented and presented a picture of their quarry Frank Gardiner who McGlone stated was about Peak Downs through certain information.
Additional Reward. NSW Police Gazette 1865. |
George Wells had joined the NSW police in October 1863, promoted to a constable on 1st February 1864. For Wells and Pye's efforts in securing Gardiner, they both received from the Police Reward Fund £15, noted as extra for Gardiner's arrest. Not a share of the reputed £500 on offer. The full £500 was reputedly awarded without publicity to an unknown recipient. (That person remains a mystery.) There is also speculation that part of the reward was granted to the Queensland Native Police for their and the Brown often refered to may well be the officer in charge of the native police at Apis Creek in the assistance in the apprehension.
ALLEGED FENIANISM IN THE POLICE- THE CASE OF DETECTIVE M'GLONE.- Ordered 1 by the Legislative Assembly to be printed, April, 1868. Return to an order made by the honorable the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales, dated 21st April, 1868, that there be laid upon the table of this House—"A statement of the charge of Fenianism or disloyalty made by a Minister of the Crown, on the information of Mr. Powell, of Berrima against detective M'Glone, on the 14th March, with copies of all letters and telegrams sent to, or received from Mr. Powell on the .-subject; also, a copy of Mr.Fosbery's letter to deceptive M'Glone, of March 16th charging him with attending a seditious meeting with M'Glone's reply thereto; also, copies of M'Glone's resignation of his office, and of his application on the, following day for permission to withdraw the same; with the reasons (if any) assigned by the head of the police for refusing the application."
The Inspector-General of Police to the
Principal Under Secretary. Police Department, Inspector-General's office, Sydney, 16th April, 1868. I attach Mr. Fosberry's report on the matters referred to above, and have only to add that I was cognizant, of the circumstances mentioned in Mr. Fosberry's letter at the time they occurred, and accepted M'Glone's resignation without hesitation, as I considered an officer who would desire to leave when there was so much pressing duty for the detectives to perform, was better out of the force than in it. M'Glone's application for re-appointment I also attach, but I have not felt justified in acceding to it for the present.
JOHN M'LERIE, I.G.P.
The Secretary, Police Department, to the Inspector-General of Police. Police Department, Inspector-General's Office, Sydney, 16th April, 1868.
Sir,—In compliance with your instructions, I do myself the honor to report upon the circumstances attending detective M'Glone's resignation, and the charges previously preferred against him; the matter having been attended to by me during your temporary absence from the office. No charge was ever made against detective M'GIone of Fenianism or disloyalty, by a Minister of the Crown, but I was informed personally by the hon. the Minister for Lands, on the I4th of March, that it had been mentioned to him that Mr. Powell, storekeeper, of Berrima, had heard Fenian expressions made use of at Shalvey's Hotel, detective M'GIone being present and taking no notice whatever of the same. Thereupon I sent the telegram annexed (marked A) to Mr. Powell, and received for a reply telegram marked B, to which I sent the answer C, the reply being D. This concluded the inquiry as regards Mr. Powell, and M'GIone was informed that the charge against him was unsustained; but at the same time I told him that Shalvey's or any public-house was no place for, a detective officer to lodge in, and he must remove forthwith. No letter was written by me "to detective M'GIone charging him with attending a seditious meeting." On the 16th of March, I wrote a memo. (E) calling upon M'GIone for a report in reference to some improper expressions attributed to him by another member of the force. M'Glone's report, denying the words imputed to him, I attach ' (F), upon receiving which, I sent for him and informed him personally that there was no witness who could be examined to prove or disprove the words imputed to him, and that I accepted his denial. He naturally expressed his indignation at having such charges brought against him, when I reminded him that his simple denial had been considered a sufficient refutation of the second charge, and that the other had been satisfactorily disproved; stating further, that he might be assured, should ever the Inspector-General or myself lose confidence in him, he would be openly informed, and not be condemned unheard. He expressed his gratitude And complete satisfaction at the opinion I gave, And added that, his character having been thus cleared, he intended to leave the force. I advised him to consider well before taking the step, reminding him that nothing which had transired should urge him to such a course ; he, however, wrote out his resignation which you, Sir, accepted on the 16th.
Edmund Fosberry, Secretary and Superindendant of Police.
George Wells' Police number was 1349, retired in 1903 after a distinguished career on a pension of 8 shillings a day. At the time of writing Well's resided at 'Ferndale,' Main Arm, Mullumbimby (N.S.W.), Wells held an Imperial Medal.
I shall now confine my report to the simple facts of the arrest at Appis Creek, where Gardiner, under the name of Frank Christie, was carrying on the business of store keeping and was associated with a man named Craig; who attended to a public house, both store and pub, being under one roof of bark and slab, evidently erected hurriedly dining the 'rush' at the Peak diggings, to which place numbers of miners on that road travelled from Rockhampton. Early in February 1864, the late Capt. McLerie organised our party, consisting of Daniel McGlone, James Pye, and myself, McGlone being in charge. We left Sydney by steamer for Rockhampton, which was then in a state of flood. Upon our arrival there, we found it impossible to proceed on foot as diggers (the character we had assumed) for weeks: Meantime we obtained a pack-horse, tent, and necessary supplies, and when the Fitzroy River was crossable we started out; not, however without some unpleasantness for McGlone, who refused to divulge to us the object of our expedition, until Pye and I refused to cross the river unless he did so. Seeing our determination, he produced a photo of Gardiner, and said he had certain information that he was supposed to be in the direction, of the Peak Downs; and that we were to arrest him if possible, but not without his (McGlone's) instructions. We then proceeded with a pack-horse as diggers, via Yaamba, and after a week's journey, we arrived at Appis Creek and pitched our tents about 6 p.m. at a spot from which we could see the store and public house before described, which was about 700 yards distant from our camp, on the opposite side.
We three then had a conversation as to what should be done, in the event of Gardiner being located there to secure his arrest. McGlone suggested that Pye and I should go to the store and purchase some goods, leaving some of them to be called for next morning, meantime to note particulars of the buildings and all persons there, if possible avoiding any suspicion. McGlone to remain at the tent and pretend to be suffering badly from dysentery. About 7:30 p.m.that evening Pye and I went to the store and there saw behind the counter Mrs. Brown who was Gardiner's paramour, and who had accompanied him from Weddin Mountains (N.S.W.), leaving her husband there, and going via the Barwon to Rockhampton, thence to Appis Creek, where she settled under the name of Mrs. Christie.
When we had purchased a few things, Pye asked for 1-cwt. of flour; this she could not supply herself, and she then called "Frank," who had not made his appearance up to then, but who doubtless had been listening to us and watching from his bedroom, from which a door opened to the back of the counter in the store. After a minute or more he made his appearance at the door where he stood for a short time speaking to us, inquiring where we came from etc. We told him that we were delayed on the road from Rockhampton owing to our mate being very bad with dysentery, that he was unable to travel, and was then lying in our tent. Gardiner then quite coolly supplied the flour, which we arranged to call for in the morning. Pye paid for the goods and asked if we could get some sago and burnt, brandy for our mate in the tent. Gardiner at once asked Mrs. Brown to make the sago, and invited us to come into the bar to have a drink, after which, Mrs. Brown brought in the sago warm.
While talking at the bar about different diggings we had been on Gardiner very kindly burnt some brandy and put it into the sago for our mate. All this time Gardiner stood under a lamp with a shade that was hanging over the bar, which threw the light on his face, upon which could be seen the distinct marks on his forehead that had been caused by the whip used by Sergeant Middleton, at Fogg's, when he and Constable Hosie arrested Gardiner after a great struggle, and when Peisley his confederate, rescued him from Hosie's custody. After chatting with Gardiner for some considerable time, and satisfying ourselves that he was the man we wanted, we thanked him and said we would call for our goods next morning, and then went back to the tent and reported progress to McGlone.
After explaining the situation of the place, etc. as above stated, and also that we had seen two rifles, which we afterwards found to be loaded, standing underneath the lower shelves of the store behind the counter, close to where Gardiner would approach from his bedroom to the store, McGlone immediately said that if Gardiner was behind the counter of the store when we called in the morning for our flour, etc., we were not to attempt to arrest him until some more favourable opportunity offered and to pass on as diggers to the Peak Downs. These instructions, of course, caused Pye and myself to rebel and made matters unpleasant. We two then retired to the side of the creek to decide what should be done in the morning. Pye said to me "What are you going to do?- I'm not going a foot further if we don't intend to arrest when we have the chance, as it may leak out that detectives from New South Wales are about here and our game will be a failure."
I quite agreed with Pye; adding that we would only return disgraced if after seeing Gardiner, we were afraid to arrest him. Pye then said: "Very well, you and I for it; if Gardiner is behind the counter when we go into the store to get our goods, one of us, the neatest to him, will seize him fast, and the other handcuff him and tie his legs; and, look out for sharpshooters." There were four other men on the premises.
We returned to the tent, but said nothing to McGlone as to our decision in the morning, only that we would strike camp early, and have the horse packed by sunrise to start. Meantime it was arranged that McGlone would secure the assistance of Lieut. Brown, with his native police, they being in the locality, to be at the hotel and store in the morning, in the event of an arrest being made to assist in escorting the prisoner to Rockhampton. This being arranged we left the camp next morning at sunrise for the store, Pye leading the pack horse and I close behind him, both of us being armed with repeater revolvers.
When we crossed Appis Creek and were approaching the store, we saw two men splitting shingles about fifty yards from the store, on the opposite side of the road and Gardiner standing talking to them. Pye, in a low tone of voice, said to me: "Look out; let us cut him off the store," for Gardiner was walking toward the store to meet us. Pye led the pack horse close to the store door, and I seeing a kangaroo dog lying on the ground on Gardiner's path to the store, said: "Good morning," and pointing to the dog added, "that is a fine dog," at the same time calling Pye's attention to it. That was the office for arrest. Gardiner was then about five yards from the store door, and Pye stepped back towards him: I instantly put my revolver to Gardiner's face, calling upon him to stand, upon which he was taken so much by surprise that he stepped back towards Pye, who quickly threw his arm around Gardiner's neck, and put his knee to his back, and in a moment the ex-bushranger was on his back. I then snapped the handcuffs on to him and tied his legs with a piece of rope that I had prepared in my loose shirt. Meantime the two men that were splitting ran across to Gardiner's assistance. Craig also rushed from his hotel door with Mrs, Brown, who was making towards the store screaming. But being covered with our revolvers, and being told that we were police, they all stood back.
McGlone, who had stayed back until then, rushed up in a most excited state and, falling down upon Gardiner, placed a second pair of handcuffs upon him. Lieut. Brown, with his black police, then appeared on the scene, and the latter were off their horses instantly and surrounded the place to prevent escape.
Lieut. Brown, seeing McGlone in such a state of excitement, walked over to where Gardiner was sitting on the ground and asked Pye if McGlone had been drinking; and when told that he did not drink, Lieut. Brown remarked: "If he don't drink, he must be mad, for I never saw any man so excited without some cause."
After Gardiner had sat up, he asked for a drink of water and begged to have the handcuffs taken off. This being refused, he commenced pleading his innocence to the charges he was arrested upon. However, it was arranged to remove him to Mr. McKeller's (McLennan's) station, about two miles distant, with four others— Craig, the two splitters and the man cook— who were arrested on suspicion. The whole of the prisoners were then marched to Mr. McKellar s station, where they were placed in room, under my charge, Gardiner being secured in a room separately.
I had four black police to assist in guarding them that night, until Lieut. Brown, McGlone and Pye returned from the store and hotel, after taking an inventory of all property, gold, money, etc., found on the premises.
Next day the prisoners were escorted to Yaamba and thence to Rockhampton. Mrs. Brown accompanied the escort, and showed great courage in swimming her horse over the Yaamba River, which was flooded at that time; and she followed us from Rockhampton to Brisbane, thence to Sydney, trying at every opportunity to bribe me and others with money to get Gardiner's liberty before reaching Sydney. She nearly succeeded in securing his escape at Brisbane owing to McGlone's blunder in not taking Gardiner direct to Sydney from Rockhampton from which town he was remanded.
George Wells Record of Police Employment joined 29th October 1863. Australia, New South Wales, Registers of Police Employment, 1847-1885 |
Roderick McLennan c. 1880's. Courtesy NLA. |
All were marched to Mr M'Lennan's station in pounding rain. Gardiner was placed on the lead horse, handcuffed, his ankles tied under the horse. He rode along quietly and easily, as if free. The black boys rode alongside with their carbines ready. The NSW troopers in front, while McGlone and Mrs Brown brought up the rear. McGlone was noted:
An axe grindstone of the type at Gardiner's store, c. 1864 |
Reputed to be the remains of 2nd Fogg's hut. c. 1930's. |
Rockhampton c. 1900 |
The full text of the examination of Frank Gardiner, Archibald Craig and Catherine can be accessed via the link attached;
ROCKHAMPTON
As Gardiner was held in Gaol, Catherine would make every effort to hinder McGlone, even attempting to procure a horse and avenue for escape.
Craig's death certificate. B.D.M. |
Sadly for Craig, he would die of a fever in 1868 whilst erecting a new hotel some eight miles from him0 and Gardiner's former establishment. Catherine Christie, formally Mrs Brown, was next charged with assisting and concealing the prisoner Francis Christie alias Gardiner. Constable Canning and detective M'Glone were the only two witnesses who gave evidence in this case. The latter produced a portrait of her, which had been given to him to identify her. (Sadly lost forever.)
Artist's impression of Catherine Brown during Gardiner's 1864 trial. Courtesy NLA. |
East St, Rockhampton looking South. c. 1866 |
By the Bench: He knew of no charge against her in Sydney, nor of any warrant having been issued for her apprehension; he did not arrest her at Apis Creek, but she accompanied Gardiner and the other prisoner down to Rockhampton; he arrested her that morning. This case lasted a considerable time, and it was nearly six o'clock when the Bench, after a long deliberation in the magistrates' private room, decided to discharge the prisoner from custody. Mr. Bellas applied to the Bench for an order permitting him to visit his client (Gardiner) in the lock-up. Mr. Dick opposed the application, which the Bench refused. The Court rose at ten minutes past six, when the prisoner, Christie alias Gardiner, was removed under a strong guard to the lock-up, followed by a large crowd of persons.⁴⁹
List of Gardiner's property at Apis Creek 1864. NSW Police Gazette. |
From Rockhampton, Gardiner was transported to Brisbane by steamer, and Detective McGlone cabled a jubilant Captain M'Lerie; The following telegram was received by the Inspector-General of Police from detective McGlone: — "Brisbane, March 13th."—
The Brisbane Courier, 28th February 1865. Courtesy NLA. |
Port Of Brisbane c. 1860/70's |
As a result, McGlone would not be caught out again as had been reported in ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’, Monday 21st September 1863;
and a sallow complexion. His figure is compact and wiry, and he gives you the idea of being a very active man, and capable of undergoing a good deal of fatigue. He has remarkably small feet, and when walking, you notice that he sets them down again very quickly.
On Saturday, the police-magistrate took the evidence at the watch-house of the D division, Darlinghurst, in the presence of Francis Christie alias Gardiner alias Clarke. The prisoner was then remanded for one week (until next Saturday) and removed to Darlinghurst gaol. During the proceedings, and indeed since his arrest; Gardiner has conducted himself with the greatest propriety. There is an absence of anything like bravado in his deportment, which is rather remarkable in a man of his character.
Trial of the century!
W.B. Dalley 1831-1888. |
Sir Alfred Stephen (1802-1894) |
Again, they state that Mr Hewett was thirty yards in the rear of the cart, whereas, on the contrary, he was thirty yards in advance of the cart. Again, it was I who told them to bail up, using no other words nor threats, and at the same time, Mr Hewett received a similar order from the four men. While I was directing Mr. Horsington where to turn off into the bush, a shot went off from one of the four men, caused through the restlessness of his horse. I at the time was within two or three yards of Mr. Horsington and his wife I immediately turned round and asked, who fired that shot? McGuiness made an answer and said "I did, but it was purely accidental," upon which I replied, that as soon as he had his share of the spoil that he should leave the party, which he did that night. The man McGuiness, who was thirty yards away from me, amongst the rest of the party, distinctly heard my question, as to who fired. I also heard his reply, and yet Mr Horsington, his wife, and boy, who are only a yard or so from me, positively swear that they heard nothing of this conversation.
Again, on a former occasion, Mr, Horsington, his wife, the boy, and Mr Hewett positively swear as to the identity of the man Downey, as to his being of the party, now, I sincerely and solemnly assert that this man was not of my party on this or any other occasion. While Downey was in custody for the alleged offence, I wrote to the Burrangong Miner, acknowledging that I was the man and that he was perfectly innocent.
Again, Mr Horsington and his party assert that the robbery took place on the 10th of March, while it really did not take place until some five or six weeks afterwards so that if I had been inclined to stand my trial, I might have been enabled to prove an alibi, this, as your Honour will see, is not written with a view to escape punishment, for, on the contrary, it incriminates myself, but as there are only two left of the party-myself and another man, who is at present undergoing a sentence of fifteen years (John Davis)-I feel that in writing this I am in injuring no one except myself, and my only desire has been to point out the inconsistency of the evidence on the part of the various witnesses, so that, had I not pleaded guilty to this charge, I might probably have escaped; so contradictory is their evidence, that a verdict in my favour might have been the result.
If I may be permitted in praying for a merciful consideration of my case, I beg to say that it is not alone on the above grounds that I do so, for during the last two years I have seen the errors of my way, and have endeavoured, with God's assistance, to lead an honest and upright life, for I have even during this time had temptations, and those great ones, for I was on one occasion entrusted for some time with the first Escort of gold that arrived from the Peak Downs, consisting of 700 ounces, again, Mr Manton, whom I beg to refer to, a gentleman connected with the copper mills, entrusted to my care 264 ounces of gold, and, lastly, Mr Veal did the same with 200 ounces;- yet the honest resolutions I had formed were sufficiently strong to prevent me doing a dishonest action on either of these opportunities. And I do trust your Honour will do me the justice to believe that these were not isolated cases, or that I would have ever again have fallen into those practices which I have felt for a long time past in my breast to be a stain against God and man.
And now, your Honour, as we must sit on the last and great day of judgement throw ourselves upon the mercy of the great Judge of all our actions, so do I now throw myself upon your mercy as my earthly judge and pray for a lenient and merciful consideration of my case.
I am, your Honour, your humble servant,
FRANCIS CHRISTIE⁵⁴
Courtroom scene depicting Gardiner's 1864 trial. |
32 years.
Frederick Gannon (1836-1921) Part of Frank Gardiner's defence team, 1864. Private Source. |
The conclusion of Gardiner's trial and the announcement of his sentence was marked by a rather curious development. His most notable criminal act, the audacious Eugowra Gold Escort robbery of 1862, was conspicuously overlooked throughout the proceedings. Daniel Charters, the key witness who had provided crucial evidence in the 1863 trial against the perpetrators of the gold heist, was not called upon to testify against Gardiner. As the orchestrator and leader of the robbery, it was Gardiner who had given the command to open fire on the escort coach, leading to the wounding of two police troopers, Condell and Moran, and nearly resulting in the death of the coach driver, Fagan.
Had Charters been asked to provide testimony, it is likely that it would have served as decisive evidence, potentially leading to Gardiner being charged in connection with the infamous gold heist. However, this did not come to pass. As such, Gardiner was never convicted or held accountable for the events of June 15, 1862. This left Henry Manns, the last individual implicated in the robbery, to face the gallows in a grim spectacle at Darlinghurst, as reported by the Sydney Morning Herald in April 1863.
The noose of the rope, instead of passing rightly round the neck, slipped completely away, the knot coming round in front of the face, while the whole weight of the criminal's body was sustained by the thick muscles of the poll. The rope, in short, went round the middle of the head, and the work of the hangman proved a most terrible bungle.
The sufferings and struggles of the wretched being were heartrending to behold. His body swayed about, and writhed, evidently in the most intense agony.
The arms repeatedly rose and fell, and finally, with one of his hands the unfortunate man gripped the rope as if to tear the pressure from his head —a loud guttural noise the meanwhile proceeding from his throat and lungs, while blood gushed from his nostrils, and stained the cap -with which his face was covered. This awful scene lasted for more than ten minutes when stillness ensued, and it was hoped the death had terminated the culprit's sufferings.
Shocking to relate, however, the vital spark was not yet extinguished, and to the horror of all present, the convulsive writhing's were renewed the tenacity to life being remarkable, and a repetition of the sickening scene was only at last terminated at the instance of Dr West, by the aid of four confines, who were made to hold the dying malefactor up in their arms while the executioner re-adjusted the rope, when the body was let fall with a jerk, and another minute sufficed to end the agonies of death.
Sydney was engulfed by a wave of public indignation as journalists began to scrutinise the surprising outcome of the first trial. The decision by the twelve jurors to find Gardiner 'Not Guilty' was met with widespread disbelief and discontent. Gardiner, a man known for his nefarious deeds, had managed to evade the gallows, which to many, represented a grave failure of the justice system. This perspective became increasingly prevalent, causing a surge of outrage throughout the city. 'South Australian Register' Tuesday 7th June 1864:
Sir Hercules Robinson (1824-1897) |
Even as Gardiner languished behind bars for the next thirty-two years, the impact of his criminal legacy lingered, haunting the quiet settlers of the Forbes, Bathurst, and Goulburn districts. His former cohorts—Hall, Gilbert, Dunleavy, Mount and the recent recruit Dunn—continued to wreak havoc on these communities, their audacious exploits escalating to more brazen raids, robberies, arson, murder, and even kidnapping.
Despite the terror spread by his former gang members, Gardiner found himself the object of a peculiarly active and sympathetic group of admirers and hero worshippers. Chief among them were his three devoted sisters, Robina, Archina and Charlotte, who for the next eight years, waged a relentless campaign for his release. They petitioned the influential, pursued judges, doctors, parliamentarians and common citizens, painting a romantic picture of Gardiner. His hidden stash of ill-gotten wealth from past robberies also came in handy, fueling the agitation for his freedom through the distribution of handbills and other forms of public persuasion.
In 1864, not long after Gardiner was incarcerated at Darlinghurst Gaol, a prisoner riot broke out. The young Patsy Daley was among the participants, while Gardiner chose to abstain, conducting himself admirably during the chaos. The riot was brutally suppressed, and Gardiner's conduct during the ordeal earned him the respect of his jailers and certain parliamentary members. As a testament to his favorable conduct, the inspector-general of police told Gardiner he would speak to the Colonial Secretary Mr. Foster about having a record made for Gardiner's future benefit. Mr. Foster would later reflect on this promise when the campaign for Gardiner's freedom gained momentum in 1871.
As the years trickled by, the harsh prison guards, initially indifferent to Gardiner, grew more tolerant, and even friendly. They reveled in the reflected fame derived from their association with this notorious "Knight of the Road."
Records detailing Gardiner's life within the grim walls of Darlinghurst are sparse, a circumstance he might have found preferable to his previous quarters at Cockatoo Island. Nevertheless, every so often, he would find himself back in the public eye whenever a particularly shocking crime took place. These instances often involved the ongoing exploits of his former confederates like Ben Hall and John Gilbert, now joined by the malevolent John Dunn. Each time, Gardiner's name would be inevitably connected to the story.
An attempted prison break in 1864, reportedly planned in conjunction with Kitty Brown, was foiled. But even as these incidents transpired, Gardiner's life at Darlinghurst Gaol, much like his previous tenure at Cockatoo Island, fell into a rhythm of rigid routine. The notorious bushranger, once feared and respected, was now just another convict, his days marked by the monotonous passage of time.
Following Frank's sentencing in 1864, Catherine was left shattered by the magnitude of her beloved's punishment. However, her spirit remained unbroken as she clung to the belief that she would find a way to reunite with him. And so, late in 1864, she began to devise a plan that would bring them back together. But, as is often the case, greed became an essential component of her scheme, leading Catherine to corrupt a prison warden to aid their escape.
As Catherine schemed and plotted, keeping these plans confidential proved to be an almost insurmountable task. In no time, whispers of an escape attempt began to circulate within the prison walls. Meanwhile, the authorities maintained a close watch on Frank. In response, Frank resorted to his old trick, feigning illness once again. Playing on his supposed heart condition, he managed to secure admission to the prison hospital.
Regrettably for Catherine and Frank, their secret plan was discovered by another prisoner who had managed to piece together the details. Fearing repercussions, the inmate chose self-preservation over loyalty and the cannary sang blowing the whistle on the impending escape, exposing the corrupt guard in the process. Thus, the seeds of their hopeful plan were sown and, just as quickly, uprooted in a classic tale of quid pro quo.
Bible, handwritten by Frank Gardiner to Catherine, 1865. |
In 1867, three years into his thirty-two-year sentence, Gardiner's unique talents began to draw attention. Various prison employers, involved in the prison's various income-generating activities, noticed Gardiner's particular skills. They observed his prowess in calligraphy, bookbinding, and coir mat-making — all of which significantly contributed to the prison's financial sustainability.
Indeed, even during his time in Cockatoo Island in the 1850s, Frank had demonstrated his aptitude for bookbinding and coir mat-making and bone carving. But his skill in calligraphy was particularly striking. This was evidenced by a small Bible he lovingly inscribed for Catherine Brown soon after his long stretch began, showcasing his elegant penmanship.
But Gardiner's capabilities extended beyond these creative fields. His mechanical ingenuity shone in the Coir Mat-Making department, where he was nominated as the leader among the workers. This role and the accompanying responsibilities earned him admiration from prison authorities. Frank's extensive knowledge of the machinery used in coir mat manufacturing was duly noted and lauded, highlighting his adeptness at learning and adapting to different work environments. These talents weree also noted in his proficiency in Arithmetic and some siences. His hands, once used for more nefarious purposes, now demonstrated a productive and remarkable level of dexterity.
Ben Hall left - John Vane right. |
As Gardiner grappled with the reality of his lengthy prison sentence and the slim chances of escaping Darlinghurst's confines, he turned his energies towards productive enterprise. He chose to keep mostly to himself, focusing on developing his skills and maintaining a low profile. Over time, this conduct earned him a peculiar status within the prison system; he became known as the "white-headed boy" of Darlinghurst.
During his incarceration, he managed to maintain ties with his family. These bonds manifested particularly during celebratory occasions such as birthdays and Christmas. On these occasions, Frank would receive thoughtful parcels from his sisters filled with life's necessities, especially food items. His siblings' care and concern provided a touching testament to familial love persisting despite the harshness of Gardiner's circumstances, and offered him a semblance of warmth within the cold prison walls. The connection with his family served as a vital link to the outside world, reminding him of the human warmth and affection waiting beyond the prison's imposing walls.
While Gardiner toiled within the prison's somber confines, the allure of his outlaw past lingered, inspiring a curious fascination among many. However, Gardiner himself rarely indulged in recounting his bushranging escapades. According to John Vane, Gardiner confessed to keeping up with the fate of Ben Hall, his former comrade, during his time in Queensland. By May 1865, all of Gardiner's initial companions, including John O'Meally who died in 1863 and was a central figure in Gardiner's bushranging exploits, had met their untimely ends. Ben Hall had been ruthlessly gunned down in a bush camp by a trigger-happy firing squad of the NSW police. John Gilbert was fatally shot while attempting to flee an ambush at Binalong, and Micky Burke was also shot dead in 1863. One can't help but wonder if, under different circumstances and without Gardiner's influence, these men might have led entirely different lives.
Inside the prison, Gardiner's notoriety attracted a stream of visitors, including politicians, influential figures, and even celebrities of the day. However, many of these visitors left disillusioned by the harsh reality that confronted them. Gone was the romantic image of the 'Knight of the Road', the dashing outlaw deftly eluding capture as he galloped tirelessly over hill and dale. The sight of Gardiner in person, particularly in the early days of his incarceration, was a jarring revelation to many. One such visitor, Clarence Paget Bayly, was particularly taken aback by the drastic transformation who wrote in the 'Truth' June 1911;
During his imprisonment, Gardiner's infamous past drew many high-profile visitors to his cell, among them Sir Henry Parkes, a key figure in Australia's Federation, who was deeply interested in the Gardiner case. Parkes visited the incarcerated bushranger several times in Darlinghurst Gaol and was markedly impressed by Gardiner's character and demeanor.
However, in 1868, a deeply tragic event took place: Catherine, the woman Frank loved, took her own life. The exact reaction of Gardiner to Catherine's death remains undocumented. It was around this time, though, that two new tattoos made their appearance on Gardiner's arms: an image of Cupid on his right upper arm, and a heart surrounded by a wreath of roses on his left upper arm. It's likely that these tattoos were a poignant tribute to his beloved Catherine, perhaps the only visible testament to the depth of his grief over her loss.
Following Catherine's death, there were reports that Gardiner seemed to age significantly, an indication of the emotional toll the tragedy had taken on him. Nevertheless, time continued its relentless march, and Gardiner's sisters remained unwavering in their efforts to secure his release. Their tireless advocacy kept hope alive within the walls of Darlinghurst Gaol. Vane stated;
Archina Christie 1832 -1892. Private Source. |
However, in 1874, Gardiner's influential friends launched a renewed effort, submitting a substantial petition to the Governor, Sir Hercules Robinson, later known as Lord Rosemead. This petition, championed by none other than Colonial Secretary Sir Henry Parkes, was signed by an array of esteemed individuals, including Ministers of the Crown, parliamentarians, magistrates, lawyers, doctors, merchants, and other prominent citizens.
Gardiner's sisters, notably the steadfast Archina, were the driving force behind this movement. Despite the years and the daunting odds, they never wavered in their belief in their brother's right to freedom. Their persistent advocacy, combined with the weight of the petition's notable signatories, once again brought Gardiner's case to the forefront of the colonial administration's agenda. (The petitons can be read at the bottom of the page.)
Francis Christie alias Frank Gardiner Darlinghurst Gaol entry record. Note: Born in Colony is incorrect. |
However, opponents of Gardiner's release were relentless, bombarding the Governor with vociferous arguments against any show of clemency. Amid this heightened debate, 'The Advertiser', a newspaper from Wagga, expressed its strong disapproval of Gardiner's impending freedom. They drew attention to the story of a New Zealander named Sullivan, a member of the infamous Burgess Gang. This group had been responsible for numerous murders in New Zealand's South Island in 1866, and Sullivan, much like Daniel Charters eleven years prior, had turned Queen's Evidence in exchange for a pardon.
However, when Sullivan was found in Sydney, having broken the conditions of his pardon, he was incarcerated for three years. 'The Advertiser' strongly suggested that Sullivan's case should be seen as a cautionary tale against the proposed release of Gardiner. By drawing parallels between the two cases, the newspaper implied that Gardiner, like Sullivan, should have faced the gravest of penalties for his crimes, further fuelling the public discourse surrounding Gardiner's potential freedom. The Lake Wakatip Mail reported on the issue on June 30, 1874, highlighting the intensifying public sentiment surrounding Gardiner's case.
Darlinghurst Gaol from Burton Street 1870. |
Sir Henry Parkes. (1815-1896) |
The division on the vote for Gardiner's release was incredibly tight, with an equal tally of twenty-six votes for and against the proposal. The final decision fell to The Speaker, The Hon. William Munning Arnold, who cast his vote in favor of the Governor's decision for release. As a result, Gardiner was granted his freedom, with the stipulation of mandatory exile from Australia, and he was forbidden from returning until his full sentence had expired. Consequently, preparations were made for Gardiner's deportation, initially to China, then onward to California.
Gardiner's case served as a pivotal point in determining and settling an important constitutional issue. Prior to this, there had been considerable ambiguity surrounding whether the Governor should exercise the prerogative of mercy based on his personal judgement or be guided by the advice of his Ministers. As Sir Hercules Robinson interpreted the Royal instructions, he believed they required him to exercise independent judgement as a representative of the Crown.
In his dispatch regarding Gardiner to the Secretary of State, the Governor emphasized the challenging position he found himself in within a colony governed by responsible government, where he was required to act without consulting his advisers. This dilemma was resolved when the Imperial Government in England directed that, in all future cases, the Governor should act according to the advice of his Ministers when considering petitions to remit sentences. The release of Gardiner led to a significant political fallout, shaking the Henry Parkes government to its core and eventually contributing to the ministry's electoral defeat.
William Arnold. Speaker of the House. (1819-1875) |
Released - Deportation.
There were speculations that Gardiner might have opted to settle in closer destinations such as New Caledonia or Fiji. Both of these locations were within a week's sail to his siblings, however, he was forbidden from settling in any of the colonies including New Zealand and Hong Kong. There were even rumors that New Caledonia was intended to be Gardiner's final destination, though this proved inaccurate. The government's decision for Gardiner's exile was implemented under an old Act Of Parliament 1847 no 34 - 11 - Vic 4th clause.
The vessel chosen to ferry Gardiner away from Australia was the 'Charlotte Andrews', a coal barque operating between China and Newcastle. His transfer from Sydney to Newcastle was executed on the 'Lady Young', a paddle steamer owned by William Hill. A passenger on the 'Lady Young' recorded witnessing Gardiner's embarkation as the ship lay at anchor off Pinchcut Island (now known as Fort Denison).
On July 20, 1874, I was a passenger to Newcastle by the steamer Lady Young, of which my old friend Royal was then chief officer. Off Pinchcut the steamer lay to, and Mr. Royal informed me that, they were waiting for a distinguished passenger, no less a personage than Frank Gardiner, alias Christie, the notorious bushranger and escort robber. He came on board at 11.30, accompanied by Detective Elliott. They immediately disappeared in the fore cabin and were seen no more that night. Gardiner remained in the Newcastle lockup for two or three days, until the Charlotte Andrews was ready for sea. He loudly protested against being kept in custody, as he considered himself free once beyond the walls of Darlinghurst. Crowds waited outside the lockup to catch a sight of the noted prisoner, and when, the hour for his departure arrived, the crowd, in Hunter-street opposite the lockup was so great that it was found impossible, to remove the exile. A ruse had to be employed.- A man the size of Gardiner, and similarly dressed, was taken between two police men, carefully handcuffed, down Bolton-street to the wharf, the immense crowd excitedly following. When the street was clear Inspector Thorpe, and Detective Elliott with Gardiner between them and a couple of water policemen bringing up the rear emerged from the lockup and went in the direction of Nobbys, near which a boat was awaiting to take Gardiner, onboard the ship which was ready to sail. ⁵⁷
A short time later, it was reported that;
Vessels damaged at Yau Ma Tei opposite Stonecutters Island Hong Kong Sept 1874. Photo Lai Fong (1874) |
Great Republic. Passenger-cargo sidewheel steamship. San Francisco–China |
Even though Gardiner was far removed from Australian shores, the New South Wales police never ceased their vigilance. Their watchful eyes continued to monitor his movements, keeping a close tab on him. 'The Burrowa News' Saturday 20th February 1875;
California.
Dramatised Illustration of Catherine, on hearing of no visits to her Frank. Courtesy NLA. |
Bridget Hall, c. 1919. Private Source. Never before published. |
Two or three days after this decision had been given, I was informed at my office that a Mrs Hyam wished to see me, and I told the messenger to show her in. Mrs Hyam, who said she was Gardiner's sister, had a very respectable appearance, and so had her companion, a young woman whom accompanied her. Mrs Hyam's said she had come to make a request to me that Mrs Brown, who, she said, was a resident in her house, and had been living in her house since Gardiner's conviction, might be permitted to see that prisoner. As this person had all the appearance of being a respectable woman, and so I felt that commiseration for her which anyone, must feel who has a relative in the positions of Gardiner. I spoke calmly to her and represented the impossibility of the Governor granting the petition. She, at last, appealed strongly that the person should be allowed to see Gardiner at least once. I came to no decision, and these persons, one of whom was said to be Mrs Brown, but to whom I never spoke, my conversation being entirely with Gardiner's sister, went away.
I consulted with another member of the Government, made inquiries of the police as to the character of Mrs Hyam, and was assured by Captain M'Lerie, the Inspector-General, that she was a respectable married woman. I made further inquiries, which satisfied me that this person, Mrs Brown, appeared to be permanently separated from her husband and that she had lived since the conviction of Gardiner, in the house of this person who was represented to me as a respectable married woman. After making these queries, I gave this special order to the principal gaoler at Darlinghurst: --"You will allow the bearer, Catherine Brown, to see Francis Gardiner, alias Clarke, now under sentence in Darlinghurst prison. This order, however, is available for this day only, and must not be allowed to alter or modify, in any respect further the instructions from this office on the 2nd instant. (Signed) H. Parkes.⁶⁰
Letter sent from Sheriffs Office 1864 to Col Sec on prohibiting Kitty's visitations. New South Wales, Australia, Sheriff's Papers, 1829-1879 |
Catherine and Richard moved away from Lachlan, seeking a fresh start in New Zealand. They arrived at the Tappue Gold Diggings near Auckland on the Thames River. However, their time together was marked by listlessness and abuse. On January 14, 1868, driven to the edge by her mental turmoil, and Taylor's ill use of Kitty. Catherine took her own life, shooting herself in the head.
Whereby, after lingering for a short period in extreme agony, she died. The death of Catherine and its effect on Frank is not known to date. However, as alluded to earlier, Kitty's death was undoubtedly the catalyst for Gardiner's new tattoos as per his release papers.
Catherine's death. New Zealand Herald 1st February 1868. |
Brown of Wheogo—lived in a square tent, about 14ft by 12ft, very nicely arranged, and differing much from the ordinary run of tents to be found on a goldfield. The pair did not agree well, Taylor apparently always quarrelling with his wife; About 5 o'clock one morning the little camp on Tapu Creek was startled from its sweet repose by the report of a pistol shot from Brown's tent. Mr Turner and his brother rushed to see the cause.
Outside the little reed fence surrounding the tent-Taylor was grovelling on the ground, tearing up the grass with his hands, at the same time crying out, "I have shot my wife! I've murdered her! hang me; lynch me!" and many other such expressions. In the door of the tent Mrs Brown was lying (on the ground) face downwards, apparently dead, a large quantity of blood was running from her mouth, and a small revolver was on the ground alongside of her.
A number of diggers and others soon appeared upon the scene, among them Mr Bailey, the warden of the goldfields, who happened to be at Tapu Creek at the time. On raising Mrs Brown, the unfortunate woman was still living, a stimulant was poured down her throat, which revived her sufficiently to enable her to state what had occurred. Her tongue was so injured that she was unable to speak so as to be heard. Mr Bailey obtained a slate and then asked questions. Having written the question, the warden would put his ear to the woman's mouth and could just distinguish her answer, the reply being at once written on the slate. She said that Taylor had made her life miserable and a burden to her, and had so constantly ill-used her that she determined to end her misery by suicide.
On that particular morning, Taylor had been more than usually brutal, so she got hold of the revolver—a gift from Frank Gardiner—and fired it into her mouth. All the time the wretched woman was explaining the circumstances Taylor was outside, raving and behaving like a maniac, and as soon as Mrs Brown's confession was made known, Taylor received a gentle hint to clear out, and he lost no time in doing so. What became of him Mr Turner knows not, as he never saw him afterwards. Mrs Brown was taken to the Coromandel Hospital, where she lingered 16 days, mortification having set in. At the inquest the verdict was suicide, but many believed that Taylor had fired the shot and that she made the statement to save him from the gallows. The bullet had cut through the tongue and lodged in one of the bones of the neck. The revolver was a very small one, silver-mounted, and had the name 'Frank Gardiner' scratched on the stock. Mr Turner afterwards saw the weapon with Mr Bailey, in Fiji. It seems strange that Gardiner should have started business at Apis Creek in his real name (Francis Christie) as he did, and that he should keep about his house a revolver with his 'bush-cognomen,' Frank Gardiner, on it.
Kitty's Inquest, 27th January 1868. Courtesy Papers Past, New Zealand. For best, Open a New Tab to enlarge. |
Upon his arrival in San Francisco, Frank Gardiner found himself following in the footsteps of a notorious band of former Australian convicts known as the 'Sydney Ducks.' Predating Gardiner's arrival, the 'Sydney Ducks' had begun to infiltrate the city in the 1850s, establishing a seedy district on the Barbary Coast, derogatorily dubbed 'Sydney Town.' This nefarious group was infamous for running questionable establishments where they lured wealthy patrons with the promise of wild nights filled with decadence and indulgence. Unfortunately, many of these patrons were then assaulted and robbed.
As Gardiner was getting accustomed to his new surroundings in America, he attracted significant media attention, due to his infamous past as a bushranger. He granted an interview to the "Daily Alta California" newspaper, which was published on February 17, 1875.
Perhaps of all bushrangers, Gardiner was the most successful and the most popular. A magnificent horseman, a brave man, it seems wonderful how he could have selected such a mode of existence, and voluntarily relinquished it when his chances were the best. No crime of murder could be imputed to him, and it was proved at his trial that his personal influence over his associates-prevented bloodshed. Very influential men, who were witnesses to his exemplary conduct during his long ten years' confinement in Darlinghurst Gaol, Sydney, used their influence to effect his release, which was accomplished by the intervention of the Governor, Sir H. Robinson. The latter has been severely censured for his clemency by the Legislature, and, according to the news by last mail, the discussion still rages. The Chronicle reporter put a few questions to Gardiner in reference to HIS FUTURE INTENTIONS.
He said, "I mean to do all I can toward earning an honest livelihood. Although I am debarred from returning to Australia, I had the good wishes of three-fourths of the people there."
Reporter: Why was that?
Gardiner: Because I never committed any murder: because I have given away more than half my day's earnings on the road to poor travellers, and because I never robbed a poor man in my life.
Reporter: Why did you commence such career?
Gardiner: From want of suitable, employment. Young men can find no employment in the country districts except herding sheep or stock-riding. The latter occupation leads to horse-stealing simply because you become wholly engrossed in horseflesh, and the crime is so easily committed that you do not think of the consequences. Horse-stealing and horse "sojering" are of everyday occurrence in certain parts of the country.
Rep.: But what made you rob the mails?
Gardiner: I do not know; I was young at the time and spent my money as quickly as I got it. I thought it an easy life for a while, but I afterwards changed my mind and resolved at all hazards to lead a good life, and when I relinquished bushranging and went to Apis Creek, where I was apprehended, I never dreamt but what I might die there of a good, honourable old age. I was known there as Frank Christie, and many thousands of pounds have been entrusted to my custody. I had a good reputation far and wide, and no one knew I was the celebrated Gardiner until my apprehension.
Rep.: Have you a cheerful prospect before you?
Gardiner: Yes; after ten years' confinement I am glad to be free again. I think my Australian reputation was so good; in spite of my crimes, that my record may have reached this country. I am determined to lead an honest life, and I am quite able to fill my part in it creditably. Our reporter wished Mr Gardiner good night and trusted that he would adhere to his good resolution.
San Francisco wharves of the Barbary Coast, a short distance from Kearny St where Gardiner would saunter down to await the latest news from Australia. c. 1876 |
Of course, the self-assessment by the Darkie in his newspaper interview needs to be put into context when one considers that;
The Annual directory of the City and County of San Francisco 1878. |
News about Gardiner's life in San Francisco occasionally reached Australia as mail steamers traveled back and forth between the west coast of America and the shores of Port Jackson. These vessels not only carried tangible communications, but also rumors and speculations about Gardiner's life.
Australian tourists visiting San Francisco often sought out the infamous bushranger. Some would approach local law enforcement for directions to Gardiner's rumored dwelling, often a run-down hotel. At times, they were even accompanied by a police officer to ensure they found the right location.
One such Australian visitor shared his experience of meeting the 'Darkie' with a journalist friend upon his return. He mentioned being led to Gardiner by a policeman. The specifics of this encounter, however, remain unknown, adding to the aura of mystery and intrigue that surrounded Gardiner's life post-deportation.
News and reports continued to circulate in Australia, discussing various aspects of Gardiner's life after his deportation. One such report suggested that Gardiner had expressed his gratitude in writing to both Sir Henry Parkes and Governor Sir Hercules Robinson, acknowledging their roles in securing his release.
The article, titled "What Gardiner has Promised Parkes," published in the 'Glen Innes Examiner and General Advertiser' on Wednesday, May 5th, 1875, suggests that Gardiner was deeply appreciative of the efforts made on his behalf and wished to reassure his benefactors of his good intentions post-release.
The specifics of these supposed letters and their content were not disclosed in the report, adding to the mystery and speculation around Gardiner's post-exile life. Whether these letters genuinely existed or were mere rumor is unknown, but they add a layer of intrigue to the narrative of Gardiner's life after his criminal career.
An intriguing piece of information regarding Gardiner's whereabouts post-deportation surfaced in the 'Burrangong Argus' on June 30th, 1875. The news was relayed through a letter penned by a former resident of the Lachlan, who had relocated to Sacramento, California.
The correspondent suggested that Gardiner might have planned to leave San Francisco for Sacramento, a thriving city in the heart of California's gold country. While there were no details to substantiate the claims, this new location might have appealed to Gardiner's old gold-digging instincts, bringing him closer to potential opportunities.
The revelation sparked additional intrigue and speculation around Gardiner's movements and intentions after his arrival in the United States. It added to the growing list of claims and rumors about the former bushranger's life post-deportation, creating a captivating narrative that kept the Australian public's attention even years after his release.
Even as years passed and the distance between Gardiner and his former exploits in Australia grew, his legend and reputation did not fade. His past as an infamous bushranger, particularly his orchestration of the dramatic Eugowra Gold Heist in 1862, his subsequent incarceration, and later deportation, had firmly entrenched him in Australian folklore.
Whether the stories were true or embellished, every tidbit and anecdote about Gardiner's post-deportation life in the United States was seized upon by the Australian press and public. They painted a picture of a man who continued to persevere and carve out a life in a new country, despite the shadows of his criminal past.
His past had left a significant impact on Australia - from his ability to hold the country to ransom, which had drawn international attention, to his effect on the political landscape, leading to the dismissal of government ministers and the humiliation of law enforcement. Even children idolized him, often playing bushrangers in imitation of his exploits.
Frank Gardiner, the 'Darkie', had transformed from a bushranger into a symbol of rebellion and resilience. His legend, much like the man himself, seemed to endure and adapt, maintaining its allure and fascination long after he had left Australian shores.
Kearney St looking North near Broadway St. Barbary Coast. Gardiner's saloon was in this vicinity. c. 1800's. Courtesy, SMU Libaries Digital Collection |
The reports revealed that Gardiner had established a saloon on San Francisco's infamous Barbary Coast. The annual directory of the City and County of San Francisco from the years 1876 and 1878 confirms Frank Gardiner as the proprietor of a saloon located at 1031 Kearny Street. The saloon, named the 'Starlight' Saloon, had an unsavoury reputation.
As portrayed in 'The Braidwood Dispatch and Mining Journal', the 'Starlight' Saloon was not a place for the faint-hearted. The establishment was described as a den of squalor, frequented by dock rats and notorious individuals who were always on the lookout for their next victim to rob or deceive. In stark contrast to his previous lifestyle, the Australian bushranger had become the lord of a seedy underworld across the ocean.
Despite these reports, Gardiner continued his life in San Francisco, navigating his way around the pitfalls and perils of his new surroundings. Yet, it was his reputation and past life that still attracted the curiosity and attention of people from his homeland. As the former 'King of the Highwaymen', Gardiner's life in America continued to be a source of fascination and intrigue.
Note: The names of the two saloons in reality are unknown but much correspondance intictaes Kerney St and Brennan St were similar in the naming.
Fred Sofforth standing left backrow. |
Regardless Frank was making fair trade;
Indeed, contrary to the popular belief of Gardiner's lowly existence, there were reports suggesting that the bushranger-turned-barkeeper managed to live relatively comfortably in San Francisco. According to these accounts, Gardiner was not just scraping by as the sole proprietor and bartender of his saloon, but he was also able to afford hiring staff to assist in its operation.
This differing perspective provides further intrigue into the bushranger's life in San Francisco, shedding light on a possible upward trend in his fortunes. While many reports painted a picture of a man barely making ends meet in a rough and tumble establishment, others hinted at a life of moderate success within the Barbary Coast's vibrant and infamous nightlife.
In such a fluid environment as San Francisco at that time, it is quite possible that both narratives held elements of truth. Gardiner may have oscillated between periods of prosperity and hardship, navigating the highs and lows of running a saloon in a city notorious for its fast and loose lifestyle. As always with Gardiner, the lines between reality and myth often blurred, making it challenging to discern the exact truth of his American years.
The Annual directory of the City and County of San Francisco 1879. |
Return to Oz. "if ever he is exiled from California New South Wales will be his destination."
Thomas Baines - Frank Gardiner relationship.
Western Australia, Convict Records, 1846-1930. for Thomas Baines. |
As the Western Australian coastline loomed into view, a seemingly endless flat landscape lay ahead. Its stark, unbroken bleakness stretched both north and south, offering an uninteresting sight to weary eyes. As the afternoon wind gathered strength, the 'Hougoumont' her rigging pinging with the force of the roaring forties winds pushed the vessel into Cockburn Sound towards the mouth of the Swan River and her final destination, Fremantle.
As they arrived at the dock in the late afternoon, Baines and his 279 fellow convicts disembarked into the heat, amidst the loud commands of the guards and the curious gaze of the locals who had gathered to inspect the latest arrival of chained misfits. John Boyle, one of the convicts transported alongside Baines, later recounted the conditions they endured on board the 'Hougoumont':
San Francisco Call, 12th April 1899. |
Like the countless convicts before him, Baines slowly adapted to his life in captivity. Following his early release in 1871, Baines left Australia for New Zealand, along with four other Fenian insurgents. However, they were swiftly expelled and found their way back to Sydney before embarking on a voyage to San Francisco, where they arrived in March 1872.
In America, Baines' Irish patriotism resurfaced, and he became a member of the Hibernia Rifles, a local Irish American military organization. He held various positions within the organization, eventually rising to the rank of Captain. Although the organization was disbanded in the 1880s, Baines continued to take pride in his Irish heritage. Each St. Patrick's Day, he would don his green uniform and sword and pay visits to his fellow Irishmen in the area. For several years, Baines earned a living by selling copies of his book, 'My Life in Two Hemispheres', which detailed his experiences as a Fenian fighter during the 1867 insurrection. He was often seen sporting long, flowing locks of hair, a visual protest against British rule in Ireland, which he vowed to maintain as long as Ireland remained under the British yoke.
On July 20, 1875, Baines was running the Celtic Club Saloon, situated on the corner of McAllister, Jones, and Market Streets in San Francisco. The location was conveniently close to Kearney St and Brannan St, where Frank Gardiner would later set up his own saloons. A grim incident took place at the Celtic Saloon when an employee shot Baines in the back under dubious circumstances. Despite the seriousness of the injury, Baines managed to make a recovery.
In this bustling and often chaotic setting of saloons and street life, Baines and Frank Gardiner's paths crossed. Beyond their shared experience as saloon keepers, the two men formed a close friendship.
The only person who befriended him (was the Fenian.
Los Angeles Daily Herald 21st July 1875. |
Could it be possible that Baines, with this cunning subterfuge, was actually assisting Gardiner in a covert return to Australian soil? The question remains a tantalizing mystery, and the answer seems far from impossible. After all, these two men were known for their resourcefulness and daring exploits. It would be in character for them to conspire to such a plot, adding another layer of intrigue to their storied lives.
Travel, during the era of the great gold rushes of the 1850s and beyond, was relatively unhindered by modern bureaucratic red tape. The concept of individual passports did not come into existence until the early 20th century. Thus, if a man, woman, or an entire family desired to relocate, they only needed to afford the passage fee to board a ship sailing to their desired destination – say Sydney or Melbourne. A person's travel record would only appear on the ship's manifest. Upon arrival at the port of choice, travellers could disembark without fanfare or complication. Therefore, if a rogue, who had wronged society, sought to flee to distant shores, they merely needed to purchase passage under an assumed name.
A notable example of such subterfuge was Frank Gardiner's rival, Sir Frederick Pottinger, who escaped England and his debtors by sailing to Victoria under the pseudonym F. W. Parker.
Five years after his arrival in San Francisco, according to varying accounts, Frank Gardiner was growing restless. The land of his youth beckoned him, and he found himself constantly drawn to the Barbary Coast's wharves whenever a packet steamer arrived from Australia. Gardiner would eagerly approach the passengers, seeking newspapers from home and, no doubt, letters from his sisters. He would voraciously consume the latest news, updates on the political climate, changing social attitudes, and transformations within the country districts that he once roamed. Engaging in earnest conversations with passengers, Gardiner regularly inquired about recent events in his former haunts. The pull of the homeland was strong, and the wheels of Gardiner's mind were already turning towards an audacious new plot:
A return to Australia.
Frank Gardiner's yearning to return to Australia was far from a secret. His persistent inquiries with steamer captains regarding passage home were always met with firm refusal, but this didn't deter him. His frequent interrogations of Australians arriving at the port about the current state of affairs back home were telltale signs of his homesickness. Above all, his sisters, his last tangible connection to his homeland, were likely never far from his thoughts, adding a melancholic undertone to his life in San Francisco.
Biding his time, Frank waited for the perfect moment. His longing for home never wavered; instead, it fuelled his resolve to find a way to return to his roots. He was a man caught between two worlds – his present in the rough-and-tumble world of San Francisco's Barbary Coast and his past in the Australian bush, where his reputation as a daring bushranger had been forged. His homesickness, coupled with his stubborn determination, was the driving force behind his desire to return to Australia, come what may.
Thoughts of home and his notorious past as a bushranger spurred Gardiner to intrigue his friend, Captain Baines, with tales of Australia's vastness and hidden treasures buried deep within the remote regions of the Fish River or Lachlan. While more fiction than fact, these tales were enough to incite the Irish rebel with promises of wealth and adventure.
Through Baines, Gardiner sought a way to return to New South Wales, where he could once again blend into anonymity, much like he had at Apis Creek many years before. Countless treasure seekers approached Gardiner, offering large sums to help locate his supposed hidden Eldorado. But Gardiner was as elusive as ever. He held his cards close to his chest, responding to their questions with a knowing look that implied he knew more than he was letting on.
His desire to return to his native land, combined with the tantalizing possibility of hidden treasure, fuelled an air of mystery and intrigue around Gardiner. Even as he navigated the gritty streets of San Francisco, his mind was invariably drawn back to the vast Australian outback, its hidden secrets, and the life he had once lived there.
Gardiner was an expert in blending into the crowd, a skill that served him well over the years. His arrest in Queensland in 1864 illustrated this well - among a group of people, he drew little attention, either through his behaviour or appearance. He was no longer the slender, striking figure that made a name for himself in Lachlan. He had gained weight and had begun to look like any other man.
This ability to go unnoticed was crucial for Gardiner. It allowed him to slip under the radar, moving through crowds without attracting undue attention, a trait that became essential in his pursuit of a low-profile life. Whether it was in the hustle and bustle of San Francisco or the serene backdrops of Australia, Gardiner had become a chameleon, adapting to his surroundings and expertly hiding in plain sight. His years as a bushranger had taught him the art of invisibility, and this was a skill he continued to employ as he navigated his way through life. In respect to Australia at some point around the 1880's Archina Christie (Griffiths) moved to Naromine 20 miles from Dubbo NSW. Narromine then was extemely remote, the township was gazetted in 1883. However, Archina passed away at Glebe in 1892. Furthermore New Zealand was a nondescript entry point to Australia to Melbourne. Speculation arises that Gardiner may have travelled to his half brother Charles who lived at Bairnsdale Gippsland. Very plusible.
' |
The Pioche Weekly Record, 21st February 1880. |
The idea of returning to Australia continued to appeal to Gardiner. In his friend Baines, he found a willing conspirator to help him craft a strategy for his clandestine return. The plan was shrewd and required the careful planting of misinformation to throw anyone who might be paying attention off the trail.
In what could be seen as an act of masterful deception, Baines casually leaked to the press a story of Gardiner's impending demise. This piece of news was published in a California newspaper and subsequently reached Australia. By doing this, Baines managed to sow seeds of doubt about Gardiner's current status and whereabouts, potentially paving the way for Gardiner to slip back into Australia undetected.
Their plan hinged on the belief that if the public and the authorities were under the impression that Gardiner was on the verge of death, they would be less vigilant in keeping an eye out for him. This deception was a testament to Gardiner's long history of cunning and adaptability, showcasing yet again his unique ability to blend into the background and dodge the attention of the authorities.
Throughout the 1880s, myriad vessels made the voyage between Australia and San Francisco, with the RMS City of New York being one such ship. Departing San Francisco on January 19, 1880, it transported 28 passengers, including Captain Thomas Baines and six other passengers travelling in steerage whose identities remained undisclosed. After stopping in Honolulu and Auckland, New Zealand, the ship eventually arrived in Sydney on February 15, 1880.
As the years rolled by into the new century, around 1910, Frank Gardiner's past was recalled, notably his time as a hotelier. Interestingly, the mention of Gardiner made no reference to his passing, which one might have expected to feature in a memoriam. Given the circumstances, the absence of such information was intriguing. The fact that Gardiner was referred to as a "former resident" could suggest that he was indeed alive and had successfully returned to Australia, his once distant homeland. This omission raises questions about Gardiner's fate and lends further credence to the theory that he might have made his way back to Australia undetected.
With the unsuccessful treasure hunt by Baines and Fogg, rumors began to circulate from San Francisco, suggesting that Gardiner had once again met his demise. The ruse had been successful, transforming Gardiner into an elusive spectre whose trace was lost, save for the unverified sightings and outrageous claims. Tales of him being shot dead, succumbing to injuries from barroom brawls, or leading a dissolute life as a drunkard filled the gossip mill. Allegations of his involvement in stagecoach robberies, marrying a wealthy woman, and other fanciful stories were also rife - a complete web of untruths.
Thomas Baines made a quiet departure from Australia a few months later, sans any treasure. Nevertheless, he returned in 1882, under the pretext of retrieving the remains of a fellow Fenian and old Irish comrade, Patrick Keating, who had been transported to Australia with him. This sequence of events presented a second window of opportunity for Francis Christie to slip back into his homeland, his identity shielded by the flurry of unproven rumors surrounding his fate. These unfolding events were detailed in an article published by the 'Braidwood Dispatch and Mining Journal' on November 17, 1888. In 1896 Gardiner was 67 yrs old.
Therefore, it's entirely possible that Francis Christie, known for his talent for disguise, including posing as a clergyman, and the financial stability and social standing of his loyal sisters - Archina, Charlotte, and Robina - could have conspired with Baines to bring their brother home. Perhaps he traveled on one of the many steamships, like the 'City of New York', in 1880, returning to live out his days in Australia in familial secrecy and obscurity.
Let's not forget, he was legally allowed to return freely by 1896, when he would have only been 67 years old. Therefore, it's plausible that unlike his past mistakes at Apis Creek, he returned to Australia to live out the rest of his days under the care of his sisters, likely adopting one of his many aliases.
Yet, despite all these speculations, rumors and stories about Frank Gardiner's life and whereabouts continued to circulate for the next three decades. Whether he was basking under the Californian sun or taking refuge in the Australian outback remained a topic of endless debate. When his brother Charles fell ill and died in 1885, rumors suggested that Frank might have traveled through New Zealand and then to Victoria to visit him. Others speculated that he could have made a pilgrimage to Tuape, New Zealand, to visit Catherine's grave.
Reports of mysterious men digging at Wheogo Hill for Gardiner's supposed hidden treasure surfaced at the turn of the century. Some claimed, inaccurately, that they were Gardiner's descendants. These stories, like many others linked to Gardiner, proved to be unfounded.
In the end, given Frank's intelligence, it seems doubtful that he would have gotten embroiled in any of the above scenarios. The truth regarding his final days remains a mystery, lost to time, shrouded in speculation and conjecture. His life, filled with daring exploits, daring escapes, and a legacy as one of Australia's most infamous bushrangers, continues to captivate and intrigue us to this day.
Despite extensive review of correspondence and newspaper accounts covering two decades, none have been able to definitively reveal any details about Gardiner's circumstances post-1880 or conclusively confirm his demise. Indeed, some accounts even challenge the notion of his death, suggesting he returned to New South Wales alive and in good health.
Gardiner was known for his ability to obscure his situation and we should not underestimate this. For now, it's reasonable to believe that he may have returned to Australia, given the existing information. Comparisons to other bushranger tales, such as that of Ben Hall and the inaccurate story of his "abandoned and dying cattle", illustrate how easily myths can perpetuate in the absence of concrete facts.
As aptly put by Clarence Paget Bayly, "The reminiscences of the bushranging days have a sort of a fascination that seems to stir the blood in people, and, as a rule, brings about a lot of controversy." The mysteries and romanticized narratives surrounding these figures continue to captivate us, even when hard evidence is lacking. For now, the fate of Frank Gardiner remains part of Australia's rich tapestry of unresolved historical intrigue.
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Francis Christie alias Gardiner recorded here with Patsy Daley 1867 at Darlinghurst Gaol. |
Letter by Frank Gardiner's father Charles referring to the operation of a Sly-Grog shop. 'Port Phillip Gazette' 25th April 1840. |
SUPREME COURT.
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/91919180?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FG%2Ftitle%2F284%2F1850%2F10%2F23%2Fpage%2F8144104%2Farticle%2F91919180
Francis Christie alias Clarke at Darlinghurst Gaol awaiting trial 1854 |
Edward Prior and Francis Clarke at Goulburn Gaol and sentenced 1854. |
N.S.W. Police Gazette report (above) on Francis Christie about the time he operated the butcher's shop with William Fogg at the Burrangong Goldfield.
This appeared in the newspaper in October 1862. The Wheeo area is near today's Canberra. |
Gardiner's new home Darlinghurst Gaol. A sketch from the Illustrated Sydney News Friday 16th November 1866. 1.-The entrance. 2.-The muster on arrival. 3.- The inquiry office. 4:-Selecting boots 5.-The bookbinding shop. 6.-Interior of a cell. 7. - in church 8.-On night watch-"All's well!" 9.-Prisoners' yard. The bookbinding Shop was where Gardiner lovingly produced the small bible for Catherine as seen below. |
1864 NSW Police Gazette's reference to Gardiner and his escape from Pentridge 1851. The Kiama Independent, and Shoalhaven Advertiser Thursday 8th March 1866 |
Mrs Brown's request through Gardiner's sister Charlotte Ion's to visit him at Darlinghurst. |
The above comment is from the satirical publication 'Melbourne Punch', Thursday 11th June 1874. The question is, why was he not returned to Melbourne? |
Exiled |
Geelong Advertiser
Saturday 18th August 1877
There is some merit in the last lines as to Frank's return to Australia. He was a master of anonymity when required. |
Reputed Business card. The Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners Advocate Tuesday, 6th August 1878. |
Report of Gardiner marrying from the Evening News, Monday 1st December 1879. |
Sunday Times Sun 15 Jan 1905. This is the marriage that many have believed to be linked to the 'Darkie'. This has been misused in almost every publication to date. |
1911 film on Gardiner. Frank Gardiner Outlaw. |
The McIvor Times and Rodney Advertiser Thursday 14th August 1879 Page 3. FRANK GARDINER IN AMERICA. This article refers to Frank robbing some Mormons where one of the Elders and leader positively identifies Gardiner as the head of the gang. Of course, it is complete fiction. |
Saturday 17th November 1888
I have always believed that Gardiner returned to Australia protected by his devoted sisters, and never died in the USA. |
The statement above is made by Catherine Brown in New Zealand soon after shooting herself by her own hand in 1868, thus exonerating who the papers referred to as Charles Taylor but should have read Richard of any blame. New research on Catherine has
discovered that she was described as an attractive woman, small and petite in
stature 5 ft 3 in tall with sandy blonde hair.
(For better view open letter in new tab to enlarge.)
|
Friday, 22nd April 1870
The report above was the first speculation as to the death of Mrs Brown in
The Sydney Morning Herald
Monday, 8th June 1874
Passenger List for the City of New York. Note Baines, cabin. Gardiner for NZ, however, anyone could well be Frank Gardiner. Thanks to David Geerlings for the list. |
Report of Frank's death in the Evening News 28th August Sydney 1882. However, this appears to be incorrect and a subterfuge for Frank's return to Australia with an American Mr Baines. |
Letter preventing Catherine from visiting Frank Gardiner at Darlinghurst Gaol. |
Letter pertaining to the whereabouts of Gardiner's original Ticket of Leave under Clarke. Police Convict Branch: Letters to Officials, 1862-1892 |
The above link is a 1906 hand-coloured film of Market street San Francisco travelling east on a cable car. Although filmed years after Frank Gardiner left Frisco for Australia, this film is taken in the Barbary Coast heart. Gardiner's saloons were in this vicinity and Kearney St to the left of the screen at about 3.08 sec. The finish is where Gardiner would have ventured to meet the mail packets from Australia.
#-Reference notes and source material can be accessed on the EndNote page except where book, author or newspaper title are named. Publications referred to can be found on the Links Page. For any research assistance no charge, contact is on the Home Page under Contact details or Email to benhallbushranger@gmail.com. For an enhanced view of photographs, click right mouse button and select 'open in new tab'.
Great site thank you. Can you please tell me where you saw Kate Brown's suicide letter? And also the photos of her hut and of Middleton, and the passenger arrival document for the 'James'? I am looking for images for a book and need references for the originals.
ReplyDeleteAn excellent presentation on Francis Christie (alias Gardiner)
ReplyDeleteMore research is required on his early life in Australia. Shipping records show that his mother Jane came to Australia in 1834 (already a widow?) via the barque "James" with her five children, accompanied by her (soon to pass away?) husband (or her brother-in law?) Charles. Whoever Charles was, in February 1841, in Melbourne, Jane married one Henry Munro Esq. (sometimes spelled Monro or Monroe) who had also taken passage on the "James". At the time Munro had a large holding on the Campaspe River in the Port Philip District, moving during the 1840's to a larger holding in the Portland Bay area of the Port Philip District. Presumably all of Jane's children became part of the Munro household and were educated locally, including Francis the "Black Sheep" of the Christie family. Interestingly, Frank Christie's first recorded sortie into crime was in 1850 with the theft of horses near the Campaspe, only to be caught whilst driving the horses to market in Portland.
Hi, I am a relative of Francis Christie and would like to speak to the author of this document. Looking forward to hearing from you. Jan, peachtreejan@gmail.com
ReplyDeleteHi Jan, I am Mark Matthews author of the Ben Hall website.If I may be of any assistance please feel free to contact me through benhallbushranger@gmail.com My contact is also on the Home Page. Look forward to your reply. Cheers, Mark
ReplyDeleteSuch a brilliant and thorough site. I am having a 'Bushrangers Stall' in the near future and your information here is invaluable to me as an illustrator. Would it be ok for me to quote a few of your sentences here (I'm thinking maybe four or five) ...to put beside a painting on display? I will credit you. Feel free to email me Mark
ReplyDeleteContact me directly through the email benhallbushranger@gmail.com not through here for best response.
Delete